青年马克思的唯物主义转向

Young Marx’s Turn to Materialism

在马克思历史唯物主义的形成过程中,黑格尔、费尔巴哈等人对他的影响无疑是非常重要的。德国古典哲学都是在纯粹的精神领域中兜圈子,把宗教幻想推崇为历史的动力,通过抽象的思维和观念去理解人与世界。之前人们从未逃出黑格尔思辨哲学方式的樊笼,费尔巴哈却揭露了“体系的秘密”,摧毁了黑格尔的概念辩证法。马克思强调要始终站在现实历史的基础上,从物质实践出发而非从观念出发。马克思颠覆了费尔巴哈唯物主义的前提,将人与自然的关系转变为以实践活动为基础,在实践中看到了人的主观能动性,从实践出发来理解人与世界的关系,从而区别于以往一切旧哲学,走向历史唯物主义。

In the formation of Karl Marx's materialistic view of history,Hegel,Feuerbach and other scholars had a profound influence without doubt.Classical German philosophy used to revolve around the domain of pure spirituality while fantasizing about religion and revering it as the driving force of historical development through abstract thinking and concepts to understand people and the world.For some time,people had never escaped the trap of Hegel's speculative philosophy before Feuerbach revealed the “secret of the system”,which undid the dialectics of Hegel's concepts.Marx stressed that we should always stand on the basis of realistic history and start from materialist practice rather than from idealism.Marx unseated the premise of Feuerbach's materialism and changed the relationship between man and nature into one based on practical activities.He saw man's subjective initiative in practice and understood the relationship between man and the world from practice,thus differentiating himself from all the old philosophies and moving towards historical materialism.