中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论概述

An Overview of the Gongfu Theory Creation by FamousWriters in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty

中晚明文学工夫论或承于传统的文学艺术工夫论,或根于朱熹格物致知之工夫论,或鉴于王学致良知的工夫论,或源于禅宗明心见性的工夫论,或合孟子的“知言”“养气”工夫为一体。如李东阳、王世贞、胡应麟、许学夷等人的文体工夫论重视学养、强调对文体规范、篇章字句之法的掌握;唐顺之、李贽、袁宏道等人的文学创作主体工夫论指向心性的修炼、知识的效用,主体精神的大解脱;王阳明倡导在心性本体上下工夫,至刘宗周、黄宗羲等则主张以工夫作为“存养”身心锻炼的本体。这亦势必影响其文学创作观念。充分认识中晚明诸名家文学创作工夫论的价值,对重新建构与阐释明代文学批评体系具有重要的理论意义。

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,the Gongfu theory was either inherited from the traditional theory of literary and artistic Gongfu theory,or rooted in ZHU Xi’s Gongfu theory of gaining knowledge by studying the principles of things,or in view of WANG’s Gongfu theory of expanding conscience to things and things,or from Zen’s Gongfu theory of discovering your true heart,seeing your true nature,or with Mencius’Gongfu theory of the ability to distinguish between the beauty and ugliness of the language and the inner moral cultivation of people as one.The Gongfu theory about style of some famous writers,such as LI Dongyang,WANG Shizhen,HU Yinglin,XU Xueyi,etc.,attached great importance to knowledge and accomplishment and emphasized the mastery of style norms and texts and sentences;the Gongfu theory on literary creation of some famous writers,such as TANG Shunzhi,LI Zhi,YUAN Hongdao,etc.,pointed to the cultivation of the mind,the utility of knowledge,the liberation of the subject spirit.WANG Yangming advocated a great effort in the aspect of mind ontology,while some famous writers such as LIU Zongzhou and HUANG Zongxi,etc.,advocated that taking Gongfu as the noumenon of“maintaining”physical and mental exercise,which was bound to affect their literary creation concept.Fully understanding the value of creating the Gongfu theory by the famous writers in the middle and late Ming Dynasty was of great theoretical significance for the reconstruction and interpretation of the Ming Dynasty literary criticism system.