联盟成本分担与利益攸关认知:美国亚太同盟凝聚力的演化

Alliance Burden Sharing and Stakeholder Cognition:The Evolution of U.S.Asia-Pacific Alliance Cohesion

自特朗普和拜登两任政府以来,美国坚持要求日本与韩国分担更多的联盟成本。然而,同是在日韩增加联盟成本分担的情况下,美日与美韩同盟的凝聚力在特朗普政府时期遭受了较大削弱,但在拜登政府时期得到明显恢复甚至进一步的强化。根据传统联盟理论,主导国维持或增加对联盟的投入,有助于维护和提升联盟凝聚力,反之亦然。这种理论与现实的反差,提出了一个研究问题:当主导国分担联盟成本的意愿和能力下降、而从属国增加成本分担时,联盟凝聚力为何出现不降反升的情况?文章在引入利益攸关认知概念的基础上构建了一个理论框架,通过实证研究发现,在日韩加大联盟投入的前提下,特朗普未能给予美日与美韩同盟以充分的战略承诺,且没有给予日韩在同盟中基本的角色价值认可,严重降低了两国的利益攸关认知,进而削弱了同盟凝聚力;相反,拜登政府不仅充分给予美日与美韩同盟以战略承诺,并且对日韩在同盟中的角色价值给予高度认可,极大提升了两国的利益攸关认知,从而增强了同盟凝聚力。文章通过深入剖析联盟从属国的利益攸关认知,在理论层面丰富了联盟凝聚力的解释路径,在现实层面为美国亚太同盟体系的演化动力提供了更为多元的解读。

Since the Trump and Biden administrations,the U.S.has insisted on requesting Japan and South Korea to share more alliance burden.However,under the same circumstances that Japan and South Korea have increased alliance burden sharing,the cohesion of the U.S.-Japan and U.S.-South Korea alliances has suffered great weakening during the Trump administration,but has been significantly restored and even further strengthened during the Biden administration.According to traditional alliance theory,dominant country’s maintenance or increase of investment will help preserve and strengthen the cohesion of the alliance,and vice versa.However,the contrast between theoretical assumption and current reality raises a research question:while the dominant country’s willingness and ability to share alliance burden decreases,and the subordinate country increases burden sharing,why does the alliance cohesion strengthen instead of weakening?The article aims to establish a theoretical framework based on the concept of stakeholder cognition.By doing empirical research,it was found that,on the premise that Japan and South Korea increased their alliance investment.Trump did not give full strategic commitment to U.S.-Japan alliance and U.S.-South Korea alliance,and did not recognize the value of Japan’s and South Korea’s role in the alliance,which has seriously reduced the two countries’stakeholder cognition,thereby weakening the cohesion of these two alliances.()n the contrary,the Biden administration has not only fully given strategic commitment to the U.S.-Japan alliance and U.S.-South Korea alliance,but also highly recognized the value of Japan’s and South Korea’s role in the alliance,which has greatly improved the stakeholder cognition of the two countries,thus strengthening the cohesion of these two alliances.