美国的中东战略调整:环境塑造与秩序重建

The Adjustment of the United States’Strategy in the Middle East:Environment Shaping and Order Rebuilding

冷战结束以来,美国历届政府持续调适其中东战略,这与全球格局变化、美国全球战略面临的挑战、中东地缘政治变化等因素密切相关,其实质是维护美国在中东地区的霸权且服务、服从于美国的全球战略。当下,在全球和区域两个层面塑造战略环境以“竞赢中国、限制俄罗斯”,是拜登政府在全球推行大国战略竞争的中心任务。由于过去十年美国持续从中东战略收缩致使美国在中东主导地位受到严重削弱,“后美国时代的中东”开始浮现。被美国视为全球主要竞争对手的中国和俄罗斯以及区域主要挑战者伊朗在中东影响力不断扩大,同时美国在地区的主要盟友和伙伴对美国离开中东担心加剧,以离美疏美为特征的战略自主趋势不断发展。为此,美国确立了由战略竞争主导的新中东战略,将遏制中、俄在中东影响力作为中东战略的主要目标。该战略以重建美国区域领导地位、重塑地区规则、重建美国与地区盟友和伙伴关系、重建区域安全体系、重塑区域供应链和价值链为主要内容。美国出台的一系列措施并无新意,且带有明显的冷战思维、集团政治和零和博弈的色彩,不利于中东发展与稳定,也注定难以实现其战略目标。

Since the end of the Cold War,successive US governments have continued to adjust their Middle East strategy,which is closely related to the changes in the global pattern,the challenges faced by the US global strategy,and the geopolitical changes in the Middle East.The essence of US Middle East strategy is to maintain the US hegemony in the Middle East and to serve and obey the US global strategy.For now,shaping the strategic environment at the global and regional levels in order to“compete with China and limit Russia”is the central task of the Biden administration in promoting strategic competition among great powers.Specifically in the Middle East,due to the continuous strategic contraction of the United Stales from the Middle East in the past decade,the dominant position of ihe United Stales in the Middle East has been seriously weakened,and the“Middle East in the post-American era”has begun to emerge.China and Russia,regarded by the United States as its main global competitors,as well as the main regional challenger Iran,are expanding their influence in the Middle East,while the major allies and partners of the United States in the region are increasingly worrier!alxml the United States leaving the Middle East,and the strategic autonomy characterized by separation from the United States is constantly developing.To this end,the United States has established a new Middle East strategy dominated by strategic competition,and for the first time,the main goal of the Middle East strategy is to contain the influence of China and Russia in the Middle East.Tire strategy takes rebuilding US regional leadership,reshaping regional rules,rebuilding US—regional Allies and partnerships,rebuilding the regional security system,and reshaping regional supply chains and value chains as its main contents,and reshaping the strategic environment in the Middle East to prevent China and Russia from“filling the power vacuum”as its main task.The United States is shaping the strategic environment in the Middle East and promoting strategic competition among major powers in order to maintain the American-led Middle East order formed in the past three decades.The series of measures introduced by the US may seem new,but in essence,it is“old wine in new bottle”,with obvious Cold War mentality,bloc politics and zero-sum game color,which is not conducive to the development and stability of the Middle East,and it is doomed to be difficult to achieve its strategic goals.