建构印度教民族认同与他者——印度历史教科书中的涉华叙事解析

The Construction of the Hindu National Identity and Others:A Study of China-related Narratives in Indian History Textbooks

印人党政府2014年执政以来在历史教科书中书写了一系列涉华叙事。本研究选取了印度五个邦的四语种历史教科书展开对比研究,基于民族认同、他者建构理论,解析印度教民族主义话语体系中的涉华叙事,发现教科书中存在涉藏、中印对抗、新中国政权三类叙事。涉藏叙事主要服务于民族认同建构,历经了古代印度教神话、近代印度教社会改革思想、“大印度”研究三个阶段的演变,最终参与民族诗意空间和黄金年代建构,实现大众动员。后两类叙事与三重他者建构相关,与印度教民族主义政治议程高度耦合:中印边界冲突导致中国被建构为印度教民族的主要他者;中巴关系走近催生中国的次要他者性;此外,中国也被建构为印度在东方的他者,印度从而与殖民主义建构的某些东方性特质划清界限,在现代化进程中确定自身在民族国家世界中的位置和目标,但这一做法却未能摆脱殖民主义的规训。涉华叙事推动印度对华认知更趋负面,为更强硬的对华政策提供理论基础,全面影响印度内政外交的涉华议题。

Since taking office in 2014.the Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)government has constructed a series of China-related narratives in Indian history textbooks.On the basis of a comparison of selected history textbooks in four languages from five Indian states,this article provides an analysis of these narratives in the context of the Hindu nationalist ideology,drawing on theories of national identity and of the other.The study identifies three types of narratives in the textbooks:the Tibet-related narratives!the narratives of China-India confrontation and of the modern China regime.The Tibet-related narratives contribute to the construction of national identity,which transforms through three stages:ancient Hindu mythology,modern Hindu social reformist ideas,and the“Greater India”studies.These narratives ultimately play a significant role in the popular mobilization of the Hindu nation by constructing poetic spaces and golden ages.The other two narratives are closely related to the construction of triple others,and are highly aligned with the advancing Hindu nationalist agendas.The narratives of the China-India border conflicts present China as a primary other vis-a-vis the Hindu nation,while the narratives of a growing China-Pakistan alliance lead to the construction of China as a secondary other.Additionally.China is constructed as India's other in the East,allowing India to differentiate itself from certain oriental essentials constructed by the Western colonialism.This enables India to establish its position and goal as a modern nation state in the the process of modernization,but without fully escaping from the discipline of colonialism.These China-related narratives result in negative perceptions of China in India,provide a theoretical foundation for a more assertive China policy of the Indian government,thus deeply impact how China affairs are dealt with vis-a-vis India's domestic and foreign policy.