Recent progress in melt pyrolysis:Fabrication and applications of high-value carbon materials from abundant sources

The escalating demand for sophisticated carbon products,including carbon black,carbon nanotubes(CNTs),and graphene,has yet to be adequately addressed by conventional techniques with respect to large-scale,efficient,and controllable carbon material synthesis.Molten pyrolysis emerges as a propitious strategy for generating such high-value carbonmaterials.Abundant carbon sources encompassing methane(CH_(4)),carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),biomass,and plastics can undergo thermal decomposition into carbon constituents within molten metal or salt media.This methodology not only obviates dependence on traditional fossil fuels but additionally enables modulation of carbon material morphologies by varying the molten media,thereby presenting substantial potential for effective and controlled carbon material fabrication.In this review,we examine the capacity of molten pyrolysis in producing high-value carbon materials derived from CH_(4),CO_(2),biomass,and plastics.Concurrently,we present a detailed overview of the potential applications of this novel methodology,particularly emphasizing its relevance in the fields of supercapacitors,flexible materials,and electrochemical cells.Furthermore,we contemplate future trajectories for molten pyrolysis,accentuating that amalgamation with auxiliary processes or technologies—like renewable energy systems and carbon capture and storage—represents a remarkably promising route for continued investigation.