摘要
The 21st century is widely believed to be a century of information processing.In particular,of quantum information processing,including quantum communi-cation and quantum computation.It is well known that quantum states are generally fragile,in the sense that quantum coher ence and entanglement needed for information processing cannot be kept for a sufficiently long time due to un-avoidable noises and environmental disturbances.Fortunately,this problem may be overcome by exploring the so-called topological states of matter,whose physical properties,at least some of the main ones to be used,are robust against disorders and variations in interactions.Thus emerged the research field of topological,or fault tolerant,quantum computation.
