青海海西地区吐蕃时期墓葬中的鲜卑因素辨析

Identification and Analysis of Xianbei Factors in the Tombs of the Tubo Period in Haixi Region of Qinghai Province

吐谷浑占据青海一地长达数百年,663年被吐蕃征服后其文化开始迅速“吐蕃化”,吐蕃时期青海海西地区发掘的多处墓葬反映出很强烈的吐蕃文化影响。一直以来,学术界对吐谷浑丧葬文化的面貌知之甚少,但甘肃慕容智等吐谷浑墓的发掘,为研究吐谷浑墓中的鲜卑文化因素提供了参照。对近些年来吐蕃时期青海海西地区的墓葬材料进行梳理并与多地鲜卑墓分析对比,认为无封土及墓上建筑、烧祭习俗、使用梯形棺及彩绘木棺棺板画、仰身直肢葬、毁器等葬俗,以及风帽、“山”字形帽等冠饰所体现的应为鲜卑文化因素,这为进一步深入了解青海地区相关族群构成和丧葬习俗提供了借鉴和思考,也为日后辨识和分析吐谷浑相关遗存提供了参考。

The Tuyuhun people occupied Qinghai for several hundred years until they were conquered by the Tubo in 663 AD.After the conquest,their culture rapidly underwent a process of"Tuboization".Numerous tombs excavated in the Haixi region of Qinghai during the Tubo period reflect a strong influence of Tubo culture.Historically,there has been limited knowledge within the academic community about the burial culture of the Tuyuhun.However,with the excavation of the Tuyuhun tombs such as Murong Zhi in Gansu,it has provided a reference for the study of the Xianbei cultural factors in the Tuyuhun tombs.This paper reviews the burial materials from Tubo period tombs in the Haixi region of Qinghai in recent years,comparing them with analyses of Xianbei tombs from various locations.It is believed that the burial customs such as no mound and building on the tomb,burning sacrifices,the use of trapezoidal coffins and painted coffin panels,the burial of the supine body with straight limbs,the destruction of tools and other burial customs,and the crown ornaments such as fengmao(风帽)hats and"mountain"-shaped hats,etc.,which are reflected in them,should be the factors of the Xianbei culture.This analysis provides insights and reflections for a deeper understanding of the composition of relevant ethnic groups and burial customs in Qinghai,offering a valuable reference for identifying and analyzing the relevant remains of the Tuyuhun in the future.