吐蕃边防机构设置与管理略考

On the border defense institutions and manage of Tubo

吐蕃设置“三勇部”(dpav-sde-gsum)和“四哨一驿”(so-bzhi-tshugs-gchig)等边防机构,专职负责镇守“大哨卡”及“小哨卡”。文章通过考证明确了“四哨一驿”为四个哨兵组成的哨卡,该防御机构成员除吐蕃人之外还包括于眞人等其他族群,常见成员组合形式有“4个吐蕃哨兵”或“2个吐蕃哨兵+2个于闻哨兵”。同时,吐蕃还设置了具备邮政兼防御功能的“防御驿站”(so-slungs),驿站最初主要行使传递文书的通信功能,后因边防需要逐渐承担起军事防御职责,成为军事防御机构。为充分发挥以上军事防御机构功能,吐蕃将边防事宜纳入施政法规“六大议事原则”(bkav-gros-chen-po-drug)之中,以法律条文保障军事防御机构的运行。吐蕃还实行定期登记“哨役”(so-babs)人员信息、选派哨兵(sobskos)或增加哨兵(so-snon)等制度,有效监督管理哨卡与哨兵。组织成立“防御管理司”(so-vtsho)和“防御督查司”(so-nyul)负责监督、管理边防工作,并安排“运输司”(ri-skyel)保障边防后勤供给。

The bigger boarders were defended by three brave armies(dpav sde gsum in Tibetan),while the smaller boarders were defended by stations with four guards in each.The guards are not only from Tibetan background but also some other ethnics such as Li.At the same time,there was another institution named Solung(so slungs in Tibetan).Lung(slungs in Tibetan)was originally institution with the responsibilities of delivering orders and letters.Later it developed into an institution with functions of delivering letters and defense.To enhance the function of the institution of defense,the work of the institution was placed under the Six Great Consultations(bkav gros chen mo drug in Tibetan)in general,specifically to manage and supervise the boarders and watchman,the information of the concerned border guards,the appointment of the border guards,the increasement of the border guards,and the guards-careers were duly arranged.