北海道鲱鱼渔场建筑的谱系——海洋文化传播视角下的建筑空间及其近代化

Genealogy and Architecture of the Hokkaido Herring Fishery:Architectural Space and Modernization via the Ocean Route

聚焦日本北海道鲱鱼渔场建筑的结构特征,从历史与环境变迁的交叠对其表现形式进行解读,并梳理其谱系。以18个鲱鱼渔场建筑案例为研究对象,基于相关研究将代表性建筑形式分为5类:19世纪的“运上屋”和“渔家”,以及20世纪前后的“番屋建筑”“积丹式民家”和“仕込屋”。通过各建筑类型的空间特点总结出两条谱系——从运上屋到仕込屋的谱系,以及从渔家到番屋建筑的谱系——由此论证鲱鱼渔场建筑在19世纪上半叶从日本传统民居派生形成,并在20世纪向渔业生产的功能空间转变的发展脉络;此外,从木构建筑文化的视角来看,南部硕大粗犷的梁柱结构以及北部屋架的抗风雪性能和顶梁柱形式是其突出特征。今后的研究发展方向包括:渔场建筑群整体的产业空间特征,以及日本东北与北海道地区的木构文化传播。

This paper is an analysis of the spatial characteristics of the herring fisherman’s house in Hokkaido,Japan,as an overlap of history and environmental changes,and a summary of the genealogy of the architecture.Based on the relationship between the history of herring fishing and 18 examples of the herring fisherman’s house from previous studies,it classifies them into“unjoya style”and“fisherman style”in the 19th century,“banya style”around the 20th century,“Shakotan type”,and“shikomiya style”.Based on the findings from previous studies and the spatial similarity of each type,it divides the architectural history of the herring fisherman’s house into the lineage of“unjoya style”to“shikomiya style”and that of“fisherman style”to“banya style”.It then discusses the derivation of herring fisherman’s house from the traditional and feudal Japanese minka in the first half of the 19th century,and the transition to a functionalist space in the 20th century.From the viewpoint of wooden architectural culture,the southern part of the region is characterized by grand wooden structures such as main post and well-beams,while the northern part is characterized by strong hut structures that can withstand wind and snow,and formalized“Munamochi-bashira”.Future research perspectives include the overall spatial characterization of the productive fishery complex,and the spread of wood construction culture in the Tohoku and Hokkaido regions of Japan.