不同膳食暴露评估方法在上海市居民镉暴露风险评估中的应用

Risk assessment of cadmium exposure of Shanghai residents based on different dietary exposure assessment methods

【目的】综合评估上海市居民镉内外暴露水平及健康风险。【方法】应用2种膳食污染物暴露评估方法[总膳食研究(TDS)和食物频率法问卷调查(FFQ)]计算食品样品镉含量,估算上海市普通居民每日膳食镉暴露,应用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(WHO)下的食品添加剂联合专家委员会制定的暂定每月耐受摄入量(PTMI,25μg·kg^(-1),按体重计)评价上海市普通居民镉暴露健康风险。通过秩和检验比较不同地区、年龄、性别、吸烟状况和体重指数(BMI)人群间的膳食镉和尿镉差异,通过相关性分析探讨镉内外暴露关联。【结果】1300名调查对象的尿镉均值为0.542μg·L^(-1),中心城区和城郊接合地区人群尿镉水平高于远郊地区人群,高年龄组尿镉水平高于低年龄组,吸烟人群尿镉高于非吸烟人群(均P<0.01)。2种膳食评估方法显示上海市居民每日膳食镉暴露的均值为0.306和0.090μg·kg^(-1),分别有3.69%和0.85%的居民膳食镉摄入量超出PTMI标准。相关性分析显示,调整了吸烟状况、年龄、性别、BMI因素后,基于FFQ的膳食镉暴露与尿镉水平均呈正相关。【结论】上海市居民膳食镉暴露主要来源于蔬菜、水产、谷类和薯类,总体处于低风险水平,基于FFQ和风险监测数据的膳食暴露评估方法可有效估算长期镉暴露。

[Objective]To conduct comprehensive assessment of internal and external cadmium exposure and health risks for Shanghai residents.[Methods]Cadmium levels in food samples were calculated by employing two dietary exposure assessment methods,total diet study(TDS)and food frequency questionnaire(FFQ),to estimate the daily dietary cadmium exposure of Shanghai residents.The provisional tolerable monthly intake(PTMI)of cadmium set by joint food and agriculture organization/WHO expert committee on food additives(JECFA)was applied to evaluate the health risk.Differences in dietary and urinary cadmium were compared by rank-sum test among different regions,age,gender,smoking status,and BMI groups,and the association between internal and external cadmium exposure was investigated by correlation analysis.[Results]The mean value of urinary cadmium for 1300 respondents was 0.542μg·L^(-1).Urinary cadmium was higher in the population in central urban and urban-rural fringe areas than in the suburban area,higher in the older age group than in the younger age group,and higher in the smoking group than in the non-smoking group(all P<0.01).The two assessment methods showed that the mean values of daily dietary cadmium exposure for Shanghai residents were 0.306 and 0.090μg·kg^(-1),with 3.69%and 0.85%of Shanghai residents exceeding the PTMI,respectively.Correlation analyses showed that dietary exposure to cadmium based on the FFQ method was positively correlated with the urinary cadmium level when smoking status,age,gender,and BMI were adjusted.[Conclusion]Dietary exposure to cadmium of Shanghai residents is mainly derived from vegetables,aquatic products,cereals and potatoes,and is overall at a low-risk level.Dietary exposure assessment based on FFQ and risk monitoring data can effectively estimate long-term cadmium exposure.