中国残障社会工作发展与趋势:基于理论变迁与模式转型的文献述评

The Development and Trend of Social Work for People with Disabilities in China:A Literature Review Based on Theoretical Change and Model Transformation

残障社会工作是推动我国残疾人事业全面发展的有效力量之一,梳理其理论发展脉络和模式变迁对提升残障服务事业发展具有重要意义。通过梳理残障社会工作理论变迁、实践模式转型后发现:残障模式转型带动残障社会工作理论视角迁移,重点表现为在问题视角与优势视角为主线的基础上进行了延伸、整合和变革。以此为契机,残障社会工作理论逐渐从个体取向转为系统取向,且更强调残障人士的主体性及能力。受此影响,我国残障社会工作的实践模式历经服务理念萌芽到行政性社会工作、再到协同性发展的转型,最终形塑出需求为本、社区为本和证据为本的服务模式。在此基础上,我国残障社会工作应进一步回应时代需要,构建更具整合性的理论和实践框架,可尝试从本土化、数字化和专业化方向再度突破,进而更好地与我国残疾人事业融合,共同推进残障群体服务事业发展。

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the requirements for the comprehensive development of the cause of people with dis‐abilities in China,and the high-quality development of social work for people with disabilities is an inevitable requirement and an effective path to realise this grand goal.It is of great significance to sort out its theoretical development and model change to enhance the development of disability services.The development of social work for people with disabilities in China should not only examine the evolution of the theory of disability social work under the transformation of disability models,but also consider the basis and requirements of the development of the cause of people with disabilities in China.For this purpose,the article aims to promote the develop‐ment of social work for people with disabilities in China by analyzing the process of change in social work theory for persons with disabilities in the context of the trans‐formation of the disability models,and by combining the development and current situation of social work practice for people with disabilities.Through in-depth analysis and exploration of the evolution of social work for people with disabilities in China at the theoretical and practical levels,it is found that the change in social work theory for people with disabilities is mainly centered on the Problem Perspective and Strengths Perspective.At first,social work theory for people with disabilities was mainly based on the individual model,focusing on providing individual-level support and services for people with disabilities from the Problem Perspective and Strengths Perspective.After the introduction of the social model,social work theory for people with disabilities has shown three different de‐velopment paths:the extended development of problem and strengths opposition;the integrated development of problem and strengths;and the transformational develop‐ment of transcending problem and strengths.In the process of change,social work theory for people with disabilities has shown two main trends:first,the focus of the theory has changed from an individual orientation to a systemic orientation,which is from focusing on the analysis of micro-level problems of people with disabilities to gradually shifting to a more focused analysis of social structural problems;and,sec‐ond,the development of theories,although differentiated,is on the whole tending to‐wards theoretical integration,with increasing emphasis on the subjectivity and capac‐ity building of people with disabilities.Driven by the evolution of social work theory for people with disabilities and the development of the cause of people with disabilities in China,the practice mode of social work for people with disabilities in China has been continuously adjusted at the levels of service method,service scope and service concept,and has gone through three phases,namely,the embryonic phase,the exploratory phase and the expansion phase.In the embryonic stage,social work for people with disabilities was regarded as a component of medical social work,interpreting disabilities from the individual responsibility theory and providing casework assistance to people with disabilities in hospitals under the dominance of the medical model.In the ex‐ploratory period,the concept of social responsibility theory of disability gradually emerged,and administrative social work for people with disabilities developed rap‐idly.Social work practice for people with disabilities was mainly centered on reha‐bilitation,which was mainly manifested in“management-based”administrative ser‐vices and institution-based social rehabilitation services.After entering the expan‐sion period,with the establishment of the social model at the institutional level in China,professional social work for people with disabilities and administrative social work for people with disabilities have shown an integrated development.The needs based model of integration,the community-based model of community care,and the evidence-based model of localization have gradually become the mainstream models of social work practice for people with disabilities in China.The development of the cause of people with disabilities in China is closely aligned with the country’s macro-policy,fits with the concept of the universal model,and is coordinated with the evolution of social work theory for people with disabilities.social work for people with disabilities should not only adapt to the new requirements and changes put forward by the cause of people with disabilities in the context of common prosperity,but also adapt to the transformation of the disability models and the development of social work theory for people with disabilities.Based on this,social work for people with disabilities in China must follow the trans‐formation of social work theory for people with disabilities under the disability models closely,further respond to the needs of the times,build a more integrated theoreti‐cal and practical framework,and make a breakthrough in the direction of localiza‐tion,digitization and specialization,so as to better integrate with the cause of the people with disabilities,and jointly promote the development of services for people with disabilities.