从汉朝土地制度推测诸葛亮躬耕地的位置

Inferring the Location of Zhuge Liang’s Cultivated Land from the Land System in the Han Dynasty

汉朝土地分为私有和国有两类:百姓拥有的可耕土地,属于私有;而山林湖泽等土地,则属于国有。东汉南阳郡人口数量一度位居全国郡国第一,南阳宛城附近肥沃的易垦土地,基本都被开垦成为私有化的土地。东汉南郡所辖襄阳县,其人口随着北方流民的涌入,也有显著增长,其城池周边平坦的沃土也被完全开垦出来并私有化了。诸葛亮在南阳城池和襄阳城池附近平坦沃土上躬耕的可能性甚小,而选择属于国有山林附近躬耕的可能性甚大。襄阳隆中是典型的国有山林地带,附近有一定数量的可垦之地。南阳宛城卧龙岗则不具备襄阳隆中适宜隐居躬耕的地理条件。从清代记载隆中的田亩数量来看,隆中田地所产能够支撑诸葛亮一家的生活之需,而不可能支撑数家的生活之需。从躬耕地与城池距离是否有利于建造草庐以适应宁静的耕读生活也可推断,诸葛亮的躬耕地当在襄阳隆中而不在南阳卧龙岗。

The land in the Han Dynasty was divided into two categories:private and state-owned.The arable land owned by the people was private;Land such as mountains,lakes and rivers belongs to the state.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,the population of Nanyang County once ranked first in the country,and the fertile and easy-to-cultivate land near Nanyang Wancheng was basically reclaimed as privatized land.Xiangyang County,which was under the jurisdiction of Nanjun County in the Eastern Han Dynasty,had a significant increase in population with the influx of refugees from the north,and the flat fertile soil around its city was completely reclaimed and privatized.It is very unlikely that Zhuge Liang will plough on the flat fertile soil near Nanyang City and Xiangyang City,but it is very likely that he will choose to plough near the state-owned forest.Xiangyang Longzhong is a typical state-owned forest belt,with a certain amount of arable land nearby.Wolong Gang,Wancheng,Nanyang,does not have the geographical conditions suitable for seclusion and cultivation in Longzhong,Xiangyang.Judging from the amount of land in Longzhong recorded in the Qing Dynasty,the land in Longzhong can support the needs of Zhuge Liang’s family,but it is impossible to support the needs of several families.It can also be inferred from whether the distance between the cultivated land and the city is conducive to building a thatched cottage to adapt to the quiet farming and reading life that Zhuge Liang’s cultivated land should be in Longzhong,Xiangyang,not Wolong Gang,Nanyang.