论人质情结在反劫持谈判中的应用

On the Application of Hostage Complex in Anti-Hijacking Negotiations

保证人质及其他人员的生命安全乃警方处置劫持人质案件的最高指导原则。自“慕尼黑事件”以来,反劫持人质谈判作为避免冲突升级的首选径路渐渐为人们所采纳。人质成为劫持者与警方对峙的“工具”后,有可能会对实施者产生强烈感情依恋(即人质情结),此种形成机理可从需求层级、防御机制以及认知失调理论视域予以探究。在反劫持谈判推进中,科学运用人质情结可有效保护人质安全,积极引导劫持者共商“非零和博弈”的和平方案。同时,警方也应注重危机落幕后的人质心理重建与完善,通过认知行为治疗的“七步疗法”来消弭劫持事件所造成的认知障碍和不良反应,增强其重启生活的信心与复原力,以助其逐步回归正常的生活轨道。

Ensuring the safety of hostages and other persons is the highest guiding principle of the police in dealing with hostage-taking cases.Since the Munich incident,anti-hostage-taking negotiation has gradually been adopted as the preferred way to avoid escalation of conflicts.When hostages become the"tools"of confrontation between the hostage-taker and the police,they will possibly develop a strong emotional attachment to the perpetrator(i.e.,the hostage complex),and the mechanism of this formation can be hidden from the perspective of the hierarchy of needs,the mechanism of defence,and the theory of cognitive dissonance.In the anti-hijacking negotiations,the scientifically applied hostage complex can effectively protect the hostage's safety,and actively guide the hijacker to negotiate a"non-zero-sum game"peace programme.At the same time,the police should also pay attention to the psychological reconstruction and improvement of the hostage after the end of the crisis,through the cognitive behavioral therapy"sevenstep therapy"to eliminate the cognitive obstacles caused by the hijacking incident and adverse reactions,and to enhance the confidence and resilience of the"former hostage"to restart their lives to help them revert to normal life gradually.This will help the ex-hostage gradually return to a normal life.