铅基反应堆海洋核动力发展研究

Development of Lead-Based Reactor Marine Nuclear Power

铅基反应堆(铅基堆)核动力具有固有安全、小型轻量、长寿高效等突出优点,在先进海洋装备、无人潜航器、深海空间站的能源动力上应用前景广阔;在加快建设海洋强国的背景下,保障海洋能源供给成为重要的基础条件,开展铅基堆海洋核动力发展研究是推动我国海洋装备能源动力技术革新的关键内容。本文总结了海洋核动力的应用场景与发展需求,从技术特征、代表性应用、研制现状等方面系统梳理了铅基堆核动力的发展概况,凝练和剖析了包括核燃料与包壳材料、一回路关键设备、冷却剂工艺与氧测控、先进发电技术在内的铅基堆海洋核动力关键技术。立足国情研判了铅基堆海洋核动力面临的发展挑战,提出了低温铅基堆海洋核动力、高温高效铅基堆海洋核动力、一体化全自然循环铅基堆海洋核动力等可行技术路线。研究建议,强化前瞻性配套专项技术研发、加快部署装备示范工程,将铅基堆纳入重大能源战略、加快建设标准体系,设置国家级联合研发机构、构建科技创新和产业发展新模式,更好服务国家海洋战略并推动海洋核动力跨越式发展。

Lead-based reactor nuclear power has the advantages of inherent safety,compact size,light weight,long service life,and high efficiency,and it is widely applied to advanced marine equipment,unmanned underwater vehicles,and deep-sea space stations for energy and power purposes.Conducting research on lead-based reactor marine nuclear power is key to the technological innovation of energy and power for marine equipment in China.This study clarifies the application scenarios and development demands of marine nuclear power,summarizes the development status of lead-based reactor nuclear power from the aspects of technical characteristics,representative applications,and research status,and analyzes corresponding key technologies including nuclear fuel and cladding materials,key components in the primary loop,coolant processes and oxygen control,and advanced power generation technologies.Moreover,the study explores the development challenges for lead-based reactor marine nuclear power and proposes there feasible technical routes:low-temperature lead-based reactor marine nuclear power,high-temperature and high-efficiency lead-based reactor marine nuclear power,and integrated natural-circulation lead-based reactor marine nuclear power.Furthermore,we propose the following suggestions to promote the leapfrog development of marine nuclear power in China:(1)strengthening research and development(R&D)of specialized technologies for the lead-based reactor marine nuclear power and accelerating the deployment of demonstrative projects;(2)incorporating lead-based reactors into the country's major energy strategies and creating a standards system;(3)establishing national joint R&D centers and creating new models for technological innovation and industrial development.