西南水稻主产区用水现状与绿色高效灌排技术

Water Utilization Status and Suggestions for the Development of Green and Efficient Irrigation and Drainage Technology in the Main Rice-Producing Areas of Southwest China

西南水稻主产区面临季节性干旱、工程性缺水等生产问题,绿色高效灌排技术是该区域实现节水稳产增效的关键举措,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水稻生产用水现状和灌排技术现状,阐述了西南水稻主产区绿色高效灌排体系的基本特征、绿色高效灌排的具体技术类型,提出了由稻田精准需水预报、灌区精量配水管理、田间高效用水管理、田间高效排水管理构成的绿色高效灌排技术模式。研究发现,西南水稻主产区水资源丰富但时空分布不均,节水灌溉和排水技术落后且对各地区气候条件、水资源量、地形的适用性有较大差异。建议研发稻田灌排高效协同调控新技术、推广绿色高效灌排技术体系、优化稻田水肥运筹模式、开发稻田智能灌排与信息化管理系统、构建水稻绿色高效灌排技术多维推广体系,据此推动西南水稻主产区节水提质增效与绿色减污降排多赢。

The main rice-producing areas in Southwest China are facing production problems such as seasonal drought and engineering water shortage.A green and efficient irrigation and drainage technology system is key to achieving water conservation,stable yield,and high efficiency in the region,and it is of great significance to the food security of China.This study reviews the current status of water use,irrigation,and drainage in the main rice-producing areas in Southwest China,involving Yunnan,Guizhou,Sichuan,and Chongqing.It examines the basic characteristics and specific technical types of green and efficient irrigation and drainage systems in the areas,and proposes a green and efficient irrigation and drainage technology model that is composed of accurate water demand forecast of paddy fields,precision water distribution management in irrigation areas,efficient water use management in paddy fields,and efficient drainage management in paddy fields.The study found that the main rice-producing areas in Southwest China are rich in water resources but uneven in spatial and temporal distribution of water.The water-saving irrigation and drainage technologies in this region are backward and vary in the applicability of climate conditions,water resources,and topography.Therefore,we propose the following suggestions:(1)developing new technologies for the efficient and coordinated regulation of irrigation and drainage in paddy fields,(2)promoting the green and efficient irrigation and drainage technology system,(3)optimizing the water and fertilizer operation mode,(4)developing an intelligent irrigation system for paddy fields,(5)establishing a paddy field information management system,and(6)building a multi-dimensional technology promotion system,thus to achieve water conservation,pollution control,emission reduction,yield increase,and quality improvement in the main rice-producing areas of Southwest China.