《民法典合同编通则解释》职务代理制度的体系化阐释

Systematic Interpretation of the Employment Agency System in the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code

职务代理系以团体组织中的职位为基础且持续产生代理行为的特殊委托代理,其价值体系由团体自治与交易安全共同塑造。职务代理的职权范围可以依据法律、章程和交易习惯从相应的职务进行推断。针对职务代理职权范围,《民法典合同编通则解释》第21条通过“以日常交易为原则”与“以重大交易为例外”的立法设置使职务代理权的权限最大化。《民法典》第170条第2款从属于第172条表见代理的情况,职务代理权人逾越职权范围而相对人善意且无过失的,法人或非法人组织承担的可归责性属于组织风险。法人或非法人组织职务代理权限范围的限制可以分为法定限制、约定且公示限制与约定不公示限制三种类型。在效力上,法定限制可以对抗善意相对人,但是约定限制不得对抗善意相对人。

A position agent is a special entrusted agent that is based on a position in a group organization and continues to implement agency behavior.Its value system is shaped by group autonomy and transaction security.The scope of authority of position agency can be inferred from the corresponding position based on laws,charters and trading practices.Regarding the scope of the authority of position agency,Article 21 of the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract Compilation of the Civil Code maximizes the authority of position agency with daily transactions as the principle and with major transactions as exceptions.Article 170,paragraph 2,of the Civil Code is subordinate to Article 172.If the official agent exceeds the scope of authority and the counterparty is in good faith and has no fault,the attributable liability borne by the legal person or unincorporated organization is an organizational risk.Restrictions on the scope of agency authority of a legal person or unincorporated organization can be divided into three types:statutory restrictions,agreed and publicly disclosed restrictions,and agreed and undisclosed restrictions.In terms of effectiveness,statutory restrictions can be used against bona fide counterparts,but the agreed restrictions cannot.