我国背信犯罪的教义学阐释——以《刑法修正案(十二)》为起点

The Doctrinal Interpretation of the Crime of Breach of Trust in China:Amendment(Ⅻ)to the Chinese Criminal Law as Starting Point

背信犯罪的目的型法益是财产,手段型法益是信任,其中“信任”法益居于从属地位。背信犯罪的主体是为他人处理事务者,这里的“事务”应具有财产性和“他人性”,“利他性”不等于“他人性”。非法经营同类营业罪的特征是“干自己的事,使单位受损”,因此不是背信犯罪。背信犯罪的事务应具有裁量性,不包括纯粹机械性劳务。德国将背信罪分为“滥用权限型”与“违背信任型”,将越权代理归入后者。然而,罪名的行为类型应是并列关系,而非包含关系,且滥用代理权与超越代理权在财产损失的认定上没有区别。背信犯罪的行为类型应划分为不当代理行为和非代理行为,前者涉及内部关系和外部关系,后者仅涉及内部关系。传统观点认为,一项罪名要么是针对个别财产的犯罪,要么是针对整体财产的犯罪,这种看法过于绝对。盗窃罪、诈骗罪及背信犯罪均存在针对个别财产的情形和针对整体财产的情形。在三方给付的场合认定整体财产损失,应以全部给付(担保人给付)时为时间标准。

The objective legal interest of the breach of trust crime is property,with trust serving as the means legal interest albeit in a subordinate position.The subject of this crime is an individual entrusted with handling affairs for others.These“affairs”should involve a property attribute and imply a sense of“otherness,”while this should not equivalent to“altruism”.The characteristic of the crime of illegally operating similar businesses is that conduct one’s own thing leads to the damage to the unit,thus distinguishing it from the crime of breach of trust.The nature of the crime of breach of trust should be discretionary,excluding purely mechanical tasks.In Germany,the crime of breach of trust is categorized into two types:“abuse of authority”and“breach of trust,”with actions exceeding one’s authority falling under the latter.However,the type of behavior in this crime should reflect a parallel relationship rather than an inclusive one.Actions of abusing and exceeding the authority of the agency exhibit no distinction in identifying property loss.The behavior types of the crime of breach of trust should be classified into improper acts of agency and acts without agency.The former involves both internal and external relations,while the latter solely involves internal relations.The traditional view suggesting that a crime is against either individual or whole property is deemed overly absolute.Crimes like theft,fraud,and breach of trust can impact both individuals and unit property.In case involving three-party payments,the whole property loss should be determined when the full payment(guarantor payment)is made.