超越实证主义与现代主义——亚当·沙夫对马克思历史主义的辩护

Transcendence over Positivism and Modernism—Adam Schaff’s Defense of Marxist Historicism

马克思历史主义在历史主义的谱系中具有重要的位置,但也面临着诸多误解。亚当·沙夫认为,对历史主义的误读主要表现为实证主义和现代主义的历史观。前者坚持消极的历史反映论,否认人的主观能动性,对历史规律的高度依赖使其倒向历史决定论。后者强调认识主体的优先性,否认历史的客观性,最终难免陷入相对主义的泥潭。马克思历史主义坚持唯物的辩证认识论,强调真理的历史性和渐进性特征,从而与实证主义和现代主义划清了界限。

Marxist historicism faces many misunderstandings though it holds an important position in the genealogy of historicism.Adam Schaff believes that the misreading of historicism is mainly manifested in the viewpoints of positivism and modernism.The former adheres to a negative theory of historical reflection,denies human subjective initiative,and shifts towards historical determinism due to high dependence on historical laws.The latter emphasizes the priority of the cognitive subjects,denies the objectivity of history,and ultimately falls into the quagmire of relativism.Marxist historicism adheres to the dialectical epistemology of materialism,emphasizing the historical and progressive characteristics of truth,thus distinguishing it from positivism and modernism.