硬质聚氨酯泡沫材料用无卤阻燃剂的研究进展

Research progress on flame retardants for polyurethane foaming materials

聚氨酯常用卤系阻燃剂存在燃烧时释放卤化氢腐蚀性气体及有毒有害物质的问题,危害人体健康。近年来,无卤阻燃剂以无卤、低烟、环保的优势,已逐渐替代卤系阻燃剂用于硬质聚氨酯泡沫阻燃。该文介绍了添加型阻燃剂和反应型阻燃剂最新研究进展,重点概括了添加型无机阻燃剂(如金属氢氧化物及氧化物、无机磷系、无机硅系及其协同阻燃剂、纳米材料)、添加型有机阻燃剂(如有机氮系、有机磷系、有机硅系及有机硅系及其协同阻燃剂)、膨胀型阻燃剂(可膨胀石墨、氮、磷膨胀型阻燃剂)及含氮、磷、硅的反应型阻燃剂的特点、阻燃机理及其对硬质聚氨酯泡沫阻燃性能的影响;对聚氨酯泡沫用无卤阻燃剂阻燃机理进行了阐述;最后,对聚氨酯泡沫用无卤阻燃剂今后发展的热点进行了展望。

The commonly used halogenated flame retardants in polyurethane have the problem of releasing corrosive gases as well as toxic and harmful substances such as hydrogen halide during combustion,which poses a threat to human health.In recent years,halogen-free flame retardants,with the advantages of no halogen,low smoke and environmental protection,have gradually replaced halogen flame retardants for flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam.In this review,the latest research progress on additive flame retardants and reactive flame retardants was introduced,emphasis on the characteristics,flame retardancy mechanism as well as their flame retardancy effect on rigid polyurethane foam of additive inorganic flame retardants(such as metal hydroxides and oxides,inorganic phosphorus,inorganic silicon and their co-flame retardants,nanomaterials),additive organic flame retardants(such as organic nitrogen,organophosphorus,organosilicon and organosilicon and their co-flame retardants),expansive flame retardants(expandable graphite,nitrogen,phosphorus expansion flame retardants)and reactive flame retardants containing nitrogen,phosphorus and silicon.The common universal flame-retardant mechanisms of halogen-free flame retardants for polyurethane foam were then described.At last,the development hotspots of halogen-free flame retardants for polyurethane foam were discussed.