紧急避险中团结原则的法哲学证立及其反思

A Philosophical Analysis of Solidarity Principle in Emergency and Its Reflection

紧急避险中团结原则的正当性是刑法教义学中的重要问题,多数见解尝试基于法哲学来加以证立。然而,此进路难言成功。以康德哲学为基础的主张忽视了具有利他属性的团结原则作为自由实现的实质条件,并不为外在自由的合致所必需,故无法通过康德法权理论的检验。以黑格尔哲学为基础的见解根据黑格尔关于抽象法权和福祉权的冲突及化解的相关论述来诠释团结原则,可是黑格尔哲学所呈现的绝对国家观,和我国宪法不相适契。以罗尔斯正义论为基础的观点也难以成立。处于无知之幕背后的虚拟主体所签订的契约,无法对现实世界中的公民产生拘束力。团结原则正当性基础之探寻应当转换道路。此原则可通过宪法中社会国原则得到证立:社会国原则要求国家对陷于困境之中的公民予以照料,在国家自身力所不逮时,应当通过立法设置团结原则,以弥补国家照料的不足。

The legitimacy of the solidarity principle in Emergency is an important issue in criminal law.A prevailing perspective seeks to establish its legitimacy by appealing to legal philosophy.Nevertheless,this approach is scarcely successful.The argument premised on Kantian philosophy disregards the fact that the solidarity principle,with its altruistic characteristics,is not an essential condition for realizing external freedom and fails to withstand the scrutiny of Kant’s notion of legal rights.The interpretation of the solidarity principle based on Hegelian philosophy concentrates on the conflict and resolution of abstract legal rights and welfare rights in Hegel’s related discussions;however,the absolute state view posited by Hegelian legal philosophy is incongruent with our country’s constitution.The perspective rooted in contractualism also encounters difficulties in establishing its validity.The contract executed by hypothetical subjects behind the veil of ignorance cannot bind citizens in the real world.The research for the legal basis of the principle of solidarity should take a different path.