以家庭为基础的社区研究路径——费孝通社区研究思想考察

Family-Based Community Study Pathways--An Investigation of Fei Xiaotong’s Thoughts on Community Research

费孝通的实地研究是从家庭这一基本的社会组织开始的,“家”是其社区研究的基础。从家到社区、民族,再到国家,进而到天下,构成费孝通社区研究的丰富层次。其社会理论的构建也是以“家”为基础的,如差序格局、生育制度,都是围绕血缘关系展开的,“家”是认识费孝通社区研究的一个基本线索。20世纪90年代,费孝通明确提出社区研究要从生态层面提升到心态层面,并通过两个转向完成这一认识论上的提升:从关注社会转向人、由聚焦人的物质生活(志在富民)转向人的精神世界。社会学的人文转向也是基于这一认识论的提升而完成的。费孝通的社区研究给予我们的启示是:通过深挖社区的社会性基础,探查社区文化的深层,其推进的不仅是社区研究,还包括广义上的社会研究。

Fei Xiaotong’s field research starts from the basic social organization of family,and“family”is the foundation of his community research.From family to community,ethnic,and then to the country and the world,Fei Xiaotong’s community research is rich in layers.The construction of its social theory is also based on“family”,such as“differential mode of association”and“system of child bearing”,which are all centered on blood relations.“Family”is a basic clue to understand Fei Xiaotong’s community research.In the 1990s,Fei Xiaotong clearly proposed that community research should be elevated from the ecological to the psychological level,and completed this epistemological improvement through two turns:from focusing on society to people,and from focusing on people’s physical life to people’s spiritual world.The humanistic turn of sociology is also completed based on this epistemological improvement.The inspiration given to us by Fei Xiaotong’s community research is that:by digging into the social foundation of the community to explore the depth of community culture,it promotes not only community research,but also social research broadly.