中国儿童家庭福利服务制度70年历史变迁、结构转型和发展方向

The 70-Year Historical Changes,Structural Transformation,and Development Direction of Children's Family Welfare Service System in China

2021年中国全面建成小康社会,基本消除绝对贫困现象,中国化现代社会福利服务制度成为现代社会福利制度的核心部分。社会福利制度由社会救济、社会福利服务、义务教育、住房家庭和健康服务五个亚体系组成。社会福利服务主要是指国家与政府对老弱病残、鳏寡孤独、贫困和弱势群体提供免费服务。儿童、老弱病残孕贫和家庭健康福利是重中之重。本文从中国社会福利制度史角度,运用社会福利与儿童家庭福利等理论,将中国70年儿童福利制度结构变迁分为1949—1957年、1958—1977年、1978—1989年、1990—2010年、2011—2021年五个历史发展阶段,概括每个历史阶段儿童福利制度发展时代特征。简述儿童福利制度理念由现代蜕变为传统,又由传统重新回归现代,由“普惠性”和“国家责任”蜕变为“选择性”和“家庭责任”,又由选择性、家庭责任重新回归普惠性和国家责任,由“家庭福利为基础儿童福利制度”蜕变为“孤残儿童福利服务”,又由儿童福利与家庭福利分离,重新回归“以家庭福利为基础现代儿童福利制度”范式结构转型历程。概括现代、普惠儿童福利制度U字型历史发展轨迹,描绘儿童福利、妇女福利、家庭福利、总体性福利制度一体化和整合性发展趋势,总结70年儿童福利制度发展历史经验和客观规律,指明广义、现代、普惠儿童福利、家庭福利和总体性社会福利制度是“现代国家最大政治问题”的基本结论。最后简述中国化现代性、普惠性、广义儿童福利制度现代福利理念、福利法治化、福利财政学等制度化建设路径,指明福利中国和中国福利社会发展目标。

In 2021,China succeeded in building comprehensively a moderately prosperous society and basically history of China's social welfare system,this article,using the theories of social welfare and children's family welfare,for the first time,divides the structural changes of China's 70-year child welfare system into five historical development stages:1949-1957,1958-1977,1978-1989,1990-2010,and 2011-2021,which summarize the characteristics of the development of the child welfare system in each historical stage.The concept of children's welfare system has evolved from"modern"to"traditional",and then returned from traditional to modern.It has evolved from"universality"and"national responsibility"to"selectivity"and"family responsibility",and then from"selectivity"and"family responsibility"to"universality"and"national responsibility".It has transformed from"family welfare based child welfare system"to"welfare services for orphans and disabled children".It has also separated from child welfare and family welfare,and returned to the transformation process of the paradigm structure of"modern child welfare system based on family welfare".The article summarizes the U-shaped historical development trajectory of modern and inclusive child welfare systems,depicts the trend of"integration"and"conformity"of child welfare,women's welfare,family welfare,and overall welfare systems,summarize the 70-year historical experience and objective laws of the development of child welfare systems,and point out that broad,modern,inclusive child welfare,family welfare,and overall social welfare systems are the basic conclusions of"the greatest political problem of modern countries".Finally,the paper briefly describes the institutionalized construction paths of modernization,inclusiveness,broad children's welfare system,modern welfare concepts,legalization of welfare,welfare finance,etc.,pointing out the development goals of welfare China and China's welfare society.