论数字时代行政裁量智能化的促进与规范

On the Promotion and Standardization of Intelligent Administrative Discretion in the Digital Era

数字时代背景下,人工智能、大数据、云计算等数字技术赋能行政裁量,推动了行政裁量智能化——脱胎于人类的智能体意识部分地或者全部地代替人类意识完成行政裁量,并实质上影响裁量结果。数字技术的深度运用推动形成了实质影响型和全面代替型的智能化裁量,具有主体交互化、意思复合化、内核数字化的特征。行政裁量智能化优势十分明显,能够促进行政裁量准确、规范、科学,调适行政裁量要素,加强行政裁量监督,大幅提高裁量效率。因此,应当打破数据共享壁垒,推动智能平台建设,完善行政裁量基准,及时调整行政处罚规则,为裁量智能化破除体制机制障碍。行政裁量智能化仍面临许多挑战,智能化裁量的数字内核可解释性差,存在算法“黑箱”和数字系统性风险。此外,智能化裁量监督体系尚不完善,智能化裁量存在羁束化、机械化风险,相对人程序权在智能化裁量中缺乏保障。我国应当通过完善行政裁量智能化法律规范体系、建立行政裁量智能化准用制度、调整行政裁量智能化程序规则、建立行政裁量动态监管机制来回应挑战,推动行政裁量智能化大规模运用。

In the context of the digital age,digital technologies such as artificial intelligence,big data,and cloud computing empow⁃er administrative discretion and promote the intelligentization of administrative discretion--the consciousness of intelligent agents born from humans partially or completely replaces human consciousness to complete administrative discretion,and essential⁃ly affect the results of discretion.The deep application of digital technology has promoted the formation of intelligent discretion with substantial impact and comprehensive substitution,characterized by subject interaction,compound meaning,and core digitization.The intelligent advantage of administrative discretion is very obvious,which can promote accurate,standardized,and scientific ad⁃ministrative discretion,adjust administrative discretion elements,strengthen administrative discretion supervision,and significant⁃ly improve discretion efficiency.Therefore,it is necessary to break down barriers to data sharing,promote the construction of intelli⁃gent platforms,improve administrative discretion benchmarks,adjust administrative penalty rules in a timely manner,and break down institutional and mechanism barriers for intelligent discretion.The intelligentization of administrative discretion still faces many challenges.The interpretability of the digital core of intelligent discretion is poor,and there are algorithmic"black boxes"and digital systemic risks.In addition,the intelligent discretion supervision system is not yet perfect,and there are risks of restraint and mechanization in intelligent discretion.The procedural rights of counterparties lack protection in intelligent discretion.We should improve the legal regulatory system for intelligent administrative discretion,establish a system for intelligent application of administrative discretion,adjust the procedural rules of intelligent administrative discretion,establish a dynamic regulatory mecha⁃nism for administrative discretion to respond to challenges,and promote the large-scale application of intelligent administrative dis⁃cretion.