论中国共产党中华民族观念的形成(1921—1939)

Formation of the Concept of the Chinese Nation by the Communist Party of China(1921-1939)

建党初期和大革命时期,中国共产党的中华民族观念既可作“中国民族”解,又可作“汉族”解,而且主要用的是“中国民族”。大革命失败到1935年《八一宣言》发表前,中国共产党很少使用中华民族。《八一宣言》发表后,中国共产党使用中华民族增多起来,就这一时期中国共产党对中华民族的使用而言,可以看到:第一,同一文书中同时使用“中华民族”和“中国民族”;第二,中华民族既可作“中国民族”解,又可作“汉族”解;第三,中华民族只能作“汉族”解。红军长征结束到六届六中全会召开前,中国共产党的中华民族观念有了进一步发展,不仅在同一文中很少再看到“中华民族”和“中国民族”的混用,而且“中华民族”都只能作“中国民族”解。1938年9一11月召开的六届六中全会上,毛泽东代表政治局所作的政治报告《论新阶段》中不仅多次使用“中华各族”一词,还提出了“马克思主义中国化”这一指导原则。1939年12月毛泽东发表《中国革命和中国共产党》一文,回答了中华民族研究中最为重要的两个问题:一是中华民族这一民族的定义问题;二是中华民族这一观念的涵义问题。这是中国共产党成立以来最高领导人对中华民族的论述,标志着中国共产党中华民族观念的最终形成或确立。

In the early days of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and the period of Great Revolution,the CPC's concept of the Chinese nation could be interpreted as either"the China nation"or the"the Han nationality",and"the China nation"was mainly used.Between the failure of the Great Revolution and the publication of August lst Declaration in 1935,the CPC seldom used the term""the Chinese nation".After the publication of August Ist Declaration,there was an increasing usage of the Chinese nation by the CPC.During this period,it could be observed that,firstly,both"the Chinese nation"and"the China nation"were used in the same documents;secondly,the Chinese nation can be interpreted as both"the China nation"and"the Han nationality";thirdly,the Chinese nation can only be interpreted as"the Han nationality".From the end of the Long March by the Red Army to the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC,the concept of the Chinese nation underwent further development,and not only was the mixed usage of the terms"the Chinese nation"and"the China nation"rarely seen in the same documents,but also"the Chinese nation"could only be used as"the China nation".During the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee held from September to November 1938,Mao Zedong on behalf of the Polit Bureau not only repeatedly used the term"the Chinese nation"in his political report on the New Stage,but also put forward the guiding principle of"Marxism with Chinese characteristics".In December 1939 Mao Zedong published the article The Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China,which answered the two most important questions in the study of the Chinese nation:the definition of the Chinese nation and the connotation of the concept of the Chinese nation.It was the highest leader's exposition of the Chinese nation since the foundation of the CPC,and marked the final formation or establishment of the CPC's concept of the Chinese nation.