战后美国对外政策与琉球及钓鱼岛问题

Postwar U.S.Foreign Policy and the Ryukyu and Diaoyu Islands Issues

钓鱼岛主权争议,事关中日两国;而其战后的“制造”过程,却主要与美国相关。确保美国对琉球等地的独家战略管控,不断修正琉球政策使之与美国的亚洲政策、全球政策协调,诱导日本“与自由世界大体结盟”,对抗中苏,是战后美国战略的基本点。在对琉球政策的演进过程中,美国内部特别是美国国务院和军方势力,基于不同的战略考量,为琉球的地位、管制和未来进行了激烈的争论和博奔。日本在朝鲜战争爆发、冷战愈演愈烈的背景下,利用所谓的“共产主义威胁”,不断“蚕食”美国对琉球的管控,最终“迫使”美国作出了“放弃”琉球“管辖权(行政权)”的决策。战后海峡两岸对峙,日美两国居间乘隙,将自古以来属于中国的钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿裹挟在琉球群岛概念中,私相授受,同时美国宣布在中日钓鱼岛主权争议中持“中立”立场。琉球问题的演变说明了海洋因素对中国历史重大而深远的影响。

The dispute over the sovereignty of the Diaoyu Islands is a matter of concern to both China and Japan,but process of its post-war"fabrication"is mainly related to the United States.Ensuring exclusive U.S.strategic control over the Ryukyus,etc.,continuously revising Ryukyu policies to in coordination with U.S.policies in Asia and globally,and inducing Japan to"ally itself with the whole of the free world"to counter China and the Soviet Union constitute the basic points of post-war U.S.strategy.During the evolution of Ryukyus policy,the U.S.,particularly the U.S.State Department and military,engaged in heated debates and games over the status,control and future of the Ryukyus on the basis of various strategic considerations.Against the backdrop of the outbreak of the Korean War and the escalating Cold War,Japan took advantage of the so-called""Communist threat"to continuously erode U.S.control over the Ryukyus,ultimately"forcing"the U.S.to make the decision to"relinquish jurisdiction(administrative rights)"over the Ryukyus.In the post-war standoff between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait,Japan and the United States took advantage of the situation to entangle the Diaoyu Islands and affiliated islands,which have belonged to China since ancient times,into the concept of the Ryukyu Islands,while undertaking secret dealings during which the United States declared its"neutral"stance on the sovereignty dispute between China and Japan over the Diaoyu Islands.The Ryukyu issue illustrates the significant and far-reaching impact of maritime factors on Chinese history.