观念的嬗变:国家的内在理解与人心秩序——一项关于改革开放以来农民的国家观念的考察

The Change of Perceptions:The Inner Understanding of the State and the Order of People's Heart——A Study of the Farmers'Perceptions of the State since the Reform and Opening up

通过梳理改革开放以来农民的国家观念的变迁,本文发现,农民基于对国家实践的“观看”和日常生活的变动所形成的国家形象呈现出“变中有常”的特征。从变动来看,国家在农民心目中的形象经历了一个从改革翻新、响应民意到模糊不清、逐渐虚化再到由虚转实、重新清晰的过程。就常态而言,在农民的观念世界中,国家始终具有高度的道德性与伦理性。对于农民而言,观念变动的根本在于国家的道德形象在人心层面的清晰或虚化。溯源来看,农民对国家抱持的道德期待和信任由家国同构与平等主义两个传统塑造。整体而言,在农民自身的理解中,国家并非支配与反抗框架下的利益博弈者,相反,国家的道德形象构成了农民稳定恒久的观念底色。

Through the analysis of the changes in farmers'perceptions of the state since the reform and opening up,this paper finds that the state image formed by farmers,based on their observation of state practices and changes in their daily lives,exhibits the characteristic of“constancy within change”.From the perspective of change,the image of the state in the minds of farmers has gone through a process from reform and renovation,responding to public opinion,to becoming vague and gradually abstract,and then from abstract to concrete,becoming clear again.In terms of constancy,in the conceptual world of farmers,the state has always possessed a high level of morality and ethics.For farmers,the fundamental shift in perception lies in the clarification or blurring of the state's moral image at the level of the people's hearts.Tracing back,the farmers'moral expectations and trust in the state are shaped by the dual traditions of family-state isomorphism,and egalitarianism.Overall,in the understanding of farmers themselves,the state is not an actor in a game of domination and resistance based on interests.On the contrary,the moral image of the state forms the foundational tone of farmers'perceptions of stability and permanence。