非洲猪瘟检测方法研究进展

Research Progress of Detection Methods for African Swine Fever

非洲猪瘟(ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)引起的猪的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。ASF疫情的暴发,严重威胁全球生猪养殖业安全,给全球造成巨大的经济损失。目前尚未开发出安全有效的ASF疫苗,因此,及时、准确的ASF实验室诊断成为疫情防控的重要手段。ASF现有检测方法包括血清学检测、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、等温扩增技术和规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列及其相关系统(CRISPR/Cas)等,其中,血清学检测、PCR检测和CRISPR/Cas都需要专业人员和设备,而等温扩增技术受限于单一类型的检测样品,且灵敏度较低,因此ASF现有检测方法无法同时达到灵敏度高,又快速、简便、可用于现场检测的要求。相较之下,ASF新型检测方法可以达到便捷、高效、省时省力以及可以在现场实现快速检测的优势,其中,生物传感器无需专业人员操作,人工智能(AI)可减少人员成本,并可用于疫情的早期监测,基于磁珠的技术无需复杂的设备,微流体技术可实现高通量快速检测,磁流体装置可解决核酸污染的问题。随着科技的进步,基于免疫层析试纸条和各类传感器的ASF新型检测方法将蓬勃发展。本文总结了ASF现有检测方法,并综述了近5年ASF新型检测方法的发展情况,以期对ASF疫情的科学防控提供参考。

African swine fever(ASF)is an acute,febrile,highly contagious infectious disease in pigs caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).The outbreak of ASF seriously threatens the safety of the global pig farming industry,causing significant economic losses worldwide.Currently,there is no safe and effective vaccine against ASF,timely and accurate ASF laboratory diagnosis has become an essential tool for epidemic prevention and control.Existing ASF detection methods include serological testing,polymerase chain reaction(PCR),isothermal amplification technology,and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated system(CRISPR/Cas).However,serological testing,PCR,and CRISPR/Cas require specialized personnel and equipment,while isothermal amplification technology is limited by the type of samples tested and has lower sensitivity.Therefore,existing ASF detection methods cannot simultaneously achieve high sensitivity,rapidity,simplicity,and suitability for on-site testing.In contrast,novel ASF detection methods offer advantages in terms of convenience,efficiency,time and labor savings,and rapid on-site testing.For example,biosensors do not require specialized personnel for operation,artificial intelligence(AI)can reduce labor costs,and they can be used for early epidemic monitoring.Techniques based on magnetic beads do not require complex equipment,microfluidic technology enables high-throughput rapid detection,and magnetic fluid devices can address nucleic acid contamination issues.With the advancement of technology,novel ASF detection methods based on immunochromatographic test strips and various sensors are flourishing.This article summarizes existing ASF detection methods and reviews the development of novel ASF detection methods over the past five years,aiming to provide reference for the scientific prevention and control of ASF.