农村耕地林化的非农就业视角解释——以山东省新泰市为例

An explanation of conversion of cultivated land into forestland from the perspective of non-agricultural employment for rural labor force:A case study of Xintai City,Shandong Province

近年来,中国农村地区出现了大量农民占用耕地栽树的耕地林化现象,与严禁耕地“非农化”、耕地“非粮化”的要求背道而驰,威胁了国家粮食安全。在工业化、城镇化的背景下,农村劳动力快速非农化与耕地利用方式转变密切相关。论文以山东省新泰市735个村庄为研究对象,将劳动力非农化细分为全户外迁型、部分外迁型、住村非农就业型,在分析2009—2019年耕地林化空间特征的基础上,构建多元回归方程,分析了农村劳动力非农化对耕地林化的复杂影响。研究发现:①新泰市村庄耕地林化在空间上呈现西多东少的分布格局,在西部呈现白马山脚下和中部平原两大集聚区,柴汶河流域村庄耕地林化相对较少。②农村劳动力非农化的三种类型存在明显的空间分异特征,村庄全户外迁规模、部分外迁规模刺激了耕地林化,其中,全户外迁刺激影响最大,其次为部分外迁。迁移到市外人数越多的村庄,耕地林化面积越大。村庄住村非农就业规模显著抑制了耕地林化,但这种抑制作用与其非农就业地点关系不大。③耕地林化在平原、丘陵村庄都普遍存在,坡度2°以上的村庄耕地林化面积较大,耕地林化多占用质量较差的耕地。④政府征地显著刺激耕地林化,且耕地林化具有空间邻近效应,但耕地流转对其具有抑制作用。此外,耕地林化受到认为粮食生产非常重要的村干部的抑制。研究结果展示了村庄耕地林化的动因,并为防治耕地林化提出可行途径。

In recent years,a large number of farming households in rural areas of China have engaged in afforestation on cultivated land,which runs counter to the strict requirements of prohibiting non-agricultural use and non-food crop planting of cultivated land,and poses a threat to national food security.The conversion of cultivated land into forestland(CCF)is closely related to the rapid increase of non-agricultural employment of rural labor force and the transformation of cultivated land use patterns in the context of industrialization and urbanization.This study focused on 735 villages in Xintai City,Shandong Province.It examined the subcategories of non-agricultural labor force,including all-household emigration(AE),partial emigration(PE),and living in the village for non-farming employment(LE).Through an analysis of the spatial characteristics of CCF from 2009 to 2019,a multiple linear regression model was constructed to explore the impact of nonagricultural employment of rural labor force on the CCF.The study revealed that:1)The distribution of CCF in the villages showed a west-to-east gradient,with two agglomerated areas located at the foot of the Baima Mountain and the central plain region in the west.The CCF in villages in the Chaiwen River basin was relatively low.2)There were obvious spatial differentiations in the impact of the three types of non-agricultural labor force transformation,with AE and PE stimulating the CCF and AE having the greatest impact,followed by PE.The more people moving to villages outside Xintai City,the larger the area of CCF.The LE significantly inhibited CCF,but this inhibition was not significantly related to its non-farming employment location.3)The CCF was widely observed in both plain and hilly areas,and mostly occupied cultivable lands with poor quality and slope gradients exceeding 2°.4)The CCF was significantly affected by land acquisition by the government and has a spatial proximity effect,but cultivated land transfer had an inhibitory effect.In addition,the CCF was inhibited by village cadres who considered food production to be very important.The research findings demonstrate the driving factors behind the CCF in rural areas and study proposed feasible solutions for preventing and controlling this phenomenon.