休药期制度能够降低中国兽用抗菌药过量使用吗——基于冀鲁豫鄂4省生猪养殖户的实证研究

Can Withdrawal Period System Reduce Veterinary Antibacterial Drugs Overuse:Evidence from Pig Farmers in Hebei,Shandong,Henan,and Hubei Provinces of China

兽用抗菌药过量使用产生的药物残留和耐药性问题给食品安全、生态安全和公共健康带来严峻挑战,如何降低兽用抗菌药过量使用成为学术界关注的重点问题。本文基于河北、山东、河南和湖北4个省份675户生猪养殖户数据,从休药期监管、休药期遵从和休药期时限三个层面表征休药期制度,采用两阶段最小二乘法和调节效应模型实证分析了休药期制度对养殖户兽用抗菌药过量使用的影响效应与路径。研究发现:休药期监管和休药期遵从能够降低养殖户兽用处方药和非处方药的过量使用。休药期监管每增加一次,养殖户处方药和非处方药过量使用金额将分别降低10.1元/户和7.0元/户;如果养殖户选择遵从休药期,处方药和非处方药过量使用金额将分别降低12.1元/户和9.4元/户。休药期时限对养殖户处方药和非处方药的过量使用呈现U型显著影响,并在15.5天和8.7天拐点时抑制作用最强,因此,休药期制度对养殖户处方药过量使用的抑制效应大于非处方药。进一步地,休药期监管在休药期遵从影响养殖户处方药过量使用中存在负向调节效应,同时,休药期监管在休药期时限影响养殖户处方药和非处方药的过量使用中均发挥U型的负向调节效应。本文提出,增强休药期监管可持续性、完善食品可追溯体系建设、提升畜禽养殖生物安全水平以及提高规范用药技能等对策建议。

Veterinary antibacterial drugs'residues and resistance caused by overusing antimicrobials have exerted a serious challenge to food safety,ecological safety,and public health.How to reduce farmer's overuse of veterinary antimicrobials has become a hot issue in current academic community.Based on the data of 675 pig farmers in Hebei,Shandong,Henan,and Hubei provinces,this paper characterizes withdrawal period system from withdrawal period supervision,withdrawal period compliance,and withdrawal period time-limit.The two-stage least squares method and moderating effect model are employed to explore the effect and path of with drawal period system influencing on farmers'antimicrobials overuse.The results show that withdrawal period supervision and withdrawal period compliance can reduce farmers'overuse of prescription and non-prescription drugs.If the withdrawal period supervision is increased by one time,the consumption of prescription and non-prescription drugs overuse will be reduced by 10.1 yuan and 7.0 yuan/household respectively;if farmers choose to comply with withdrawal period system,the consumption of prescription drugs and non-prescription drugs overuse will be reduced by 12.1 yuan and 9.4 yuan/household respectively.The withdrawal period time-limit has a Ushaped significant effect on farmer's overuse of prescription and non-prescription drugs,and the strongest inhibitory effect is at the inflection points of 15.5 days and 8.7 days.Thus,the inhibitory effect of withdrawal period system on the overuse of prescription drugs by farmers is greater than that of non-prescription drugs.Furthermore,withdrawal period supervision has a negative moderating effect on the influence of withdrawal period compliance on the overuse of prescription drugs by farmers.Meanwhile,withdrawal system supervision has a U-shaped negative moderating effect on the impact of withdrawal period time-limit on farmer's overuse of prescription and non-prescription drugs respectively.Finally,some countermeasures,such as enhancing the sustainability of withdrawal period supervision,strengthening the construction of food traceability system,improving the biosafety level of livestock and poultry breeding,and improving the skills of standardized drug use,are put forward.