句末助词“的”的功能分类及语义演变

Classification of the Semantic Functions of Sentence-final de and Its Semantic Change

本文主张普通话的句末助词“的”应分为“过去焦点化”和“确认语气”两个功能。该词的功能分类标准不宜是句子焦点域的宽窄,而应是“的”自身的语法作用:可否隐去,可否用于疑问句,对所述事件及焦点成分的语法限制,对整句语篇功能的影响等。本文证明,窄焦点句“他是昨天到北京的”和宽焦点句“(这事儿)是警察把他抓起来的”中的“的”都是结构助词,而宽焦点句“主任明天会来单位的”中的“的”是语气助词。我们将“的”的语义演变路径构拟为“名词化标记→过去焦点化→确认语气”,并探讨了普通话句末“的”与“了_(2)”的异同点,还比较了方言里“的”类词和“有”类词的用法。

This paper holds that the sentence-final de serves two functions:past-focus and affirmation.The functional classification should not base on the width of the focus of the sentence,but rather on de's grammatical functions:the possibility of being omitted,the possibility of being used in a question,its grammatical restriction on the event stated and the focus,its influence on the textual function,etc.The paper proves that de is a structural particle in both the narrow-focus sentence like"ta shi zuotian dao Beijing de"and the wide-focus sentence like"(che shir)shi jingcha ba ta zhua qilai de",while it is a mood particle in the wide-focus sentence like"zhuren mingtian hui lai danwei de".Additionally,the paper proposes a semantic evolution path for de:a nominalization marker→a past-focus particle→a confirmation-mood particle.It further explores the similarities and differences between de and le2,and compares the uses of de-like words and you-like words in Chinese dialects.