不同运动模式影响心肌梗死致心力衰竭大鼠骨骼肌重塑的机制

Effect and mechanism of different training modes on skeletal muscle remodeling in rats with heart failure induced by myocardial infarction

背景:急性心肌梗死可引起心脏重塑和心力衰竭,同时导致骨骼肌病变,影响患者生活质量。运动疗法是心力衰竭患者的重要康复手段,然而最佳运动处方尚未明确。目的:对比不同运动模式(有氧运动、抗阻运动)对急性心肌梗死诱导心力衰竭模型大鼠骨骼肌重塑的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制,为优化运动康复方案提供依据。方法:48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、心肌梗死组、有氧运动组和抗阻运动组。利用冠状动脉结扎术进行心力衰竭模型制作,3个月后有氧运动组和抗阻运动组进行12周相应运动模式干预,假手术组和心肌梗死组于鼠笼内安静饲养。实验后,利用递增负荷跑台运动实验和爬梯实验分别测定大鼠最高跑速和最大负重,超声心动图评估心脏结构与功能;分离出心脏,分别行苏木精-伊红染色和天狼星红染色观察心脏重塑情况;分离出腓肠肌,行ATP酶染色观察肌纤维类型和细胞横截面积改变,二氢乙锭法评估活性氧水平,酶联免疫吸附法测定丙二醛含量以及抗氧化酶活性,免疫印迹法测定泛素-蛋白酶体系统蛋白表达量,双重免疫荧光染色检测活化的卫星细胞数(Pax7^(+)/MyoD^(+))。结果与结论:①运动能力:与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组最高跑速和最大负重下降(P<0.05);与心肌梗死组比较,有氧运动组最高跑速以及抗阻运动组最大负重增加(P<0.05)。②心脏重塑:与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组梗死面积、心肌细胞横截面积、心肌胶原含量升高(P<0.05),左心室射血分数和左心室缩短分数下降(P<0.05);与心肌梗死组比较,有氧运动组和抗阻运动组上述各参数均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。③骨骼肌重塑:与假手术组比较,心肌梗死组腓肠肌质量、腓肠肌质量指数、细胞横截面积、超氧化物歧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、活化的卫星细胞数量下降(P<0.05),活性氧、丙二醛含量以及泛素、MuRF1、MAFbx蛋白表达量上调(P<0.05);与心肌梗死组比较,有氧运动组和抗阻运动组腓肠肌质量指数、超氧化物歧化酶活性、活化的卫星细胞数量增加(P<0.05),活性氧水平以及泛素、MuRF1、MAFbx蛋白表达量降低(P<0.05);与有氧运动组比较,抗阻运动组腓肠肌质量、腓肠肌质量指数、细胞横截面积、活性氧水平、丙二醛含量、活化的卫星细胞数量升高(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性下调(P<0.05)。结果表明:有氧运动和抗阻运动均可提升心力衰竭大鼠的运动能力,其机制与减轻氧化应激、抑制泛素-蛋白酶体系统活性以及激活卫星细胞进而改善骨骼肌重塑有关。有氧运动对于改善骨骼肌氧化应激作用更佳,而抗阻运动促进骨骼肌再生方面效果更为显著。

BACKGROUND:Acute myocardial infarction can cause cardiac remodeling and heart failure,as well as skeletal myopathy,affecting patients'quality of life.Exercise therapy is an important rehabilitation method for patients with heart failure;however,the optimal exercise prescription has not been clarified.OBJECTIVE:To compare the effects of different exercise modes(aerobic exercise,resistance exercise)on skeletal muscle remodeling in rats with acute myocardial infarction induced heart failure and to explore the possible mechanism,so as to provide a basis for optimizing the exercise rehabilitation program.METHODS:Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,myocardial infarction group,aerobic exercise group and resistance exercise group.Coronary artery ligation was used to create model of heart failure.After 3 months,animals in the aerobic exercise group and resistance exercise group underwent 12 weeks of corresponding exercise mode interventions,while those in the sham operation group and myocardial infarction group were kept quietly in mouse cages.After the experiment,maximal running speed and maximal weight-bearing load were measured by graded treadmill exercise test and ladder-climbing test respectively,and heart structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography.The heart was isolated,and hematoxylin-eosin staining and Sirius red staining were performed to detect cardiac remodeling.For the gstrocnemius muscle,ATPase staining was performed to observe changes in muscle fiber type and cell cross-sectional area,dihydroethidium method was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species levels,enzymelinked immunosorbent method was used to determine malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzyme activity,western blot was used to determine the expression of ubiquitin-proteasome system proteins,and the number of activated satellite cells(Pax7^(+)/MyoD^(+))were detected by double immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Exercise performance:Compared with the sham operation group,maximal running speed and maximal weight-bearing load in the myocardial infarction group decreased(P<0.05);compared with the myocardial infarction group,the maximal running speed of the aerobic exercise group and the maximal weight-bearing load of the resistance exercise group increased(P<0.05).(2)Cardiac remodeling:Compared with the sham operation group,infarction area,myocardial cell cross-sectional area,and collagen content in the myocardial infarction group increased(P<0.05),while left ventricular ejection fraction and shortening fraction decreased(P<0.05);compared with the myocardial infarction group,there was no statistical difference in the above parameters in both aerobic exercise resistance exercise groups(P>0.05).(3)Skeletal muscle remodeling:Compared with the sham operation group,gastrocnemius muscle mass,gastrocnemius muscle mass index,cell cross-sectional area,superoxide dismutase activity,glutathione peroxidase activity,and the number of activated satellite cells decreased in myocardial infarction group(P<0.05),while reactive oxygen species content,malondialdehyde content,and the protein expression of ubiquitin,MuRF1 and MAFbx increased(P<0.05);compared with the myocardial infarction group,gastrocnemius muscle mass index,superoxide dismutase activity,the number of activated satellite cells increased in both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise groups(P<0.05),while reactive oxygen species content and the protein expression of ubiquitin,MuRF1,and MAFbx decreased(P<0.05);compared with the aerobic exercise group,gastrocnemius muscle mass,gastrocnemius muscle mass index,cell cross-sectional area,reactive oxygen species content,malondialdehyde content,the number of activated satellite cells increased in resistance exercise group(P<0.05),while superoxide dismutase activity,glutathione peroxidase activity downregulated(P<0.05).To conclude,aerobic exercise and resistance exercise can both improve exercise performance of rats with heart failure,and the mechanism is related to reducing oxidative stress,inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasome system activity and activating satellite cells to improve skeletal muscle remodeling.Aerobic exercise has a better effect on improving skeletal muscle oxidative stress,while resistance exercise has a more significant effect on promoting skeletal muscle regeneration.