太阳能利用工程对生态系统、生物多样性及环境的影响与应对

Impacts and Response of Solar Energy Utilization Projects on Ecosystem,Biodiversity and Environment

太阳能利用工程是减缓气候变化、实现“双碳”目标的重要措施,全面认识这些工程对生态环境的影响,对科学规划和实施工程有重要的理论和现实意义.该文总结分析了太阳能利用工程对生态系统、生物多样性与环境的影响及应对方面的研究,对存在的问题进行了讨论,并对未来的研究方向提出了展望.结果表明:①在一些太阳能利用工程区,土壤有机质和养分含量及植被盖度增加,而一些工程区却降低;工程建设对植被和土壤的干扰导致水土流失;工程占用土地和耗水及影响微气候条件等对生态系统碳排放和能量平衡造成影响;区域性布局这些工程对植被功能也将产生一定的影响,包括工程设备遮荫造成一些作物产量下降或增加.②工程设施引起的水分改变和遮荫使一些植物的丰富度增加,使一些植物种子在土壤种子库中的存活率提高,但光伏板对鸟类和昆虫等动物将会造成碰撞以及不适宜的产卵而将可能带来死亡风险;施工过程导致的植被清除和景观破碎化等对生物多样性也将造成不利影响;施工过程造成的水网损失、破碎化以及洗涤沙尘而耗水对水生生物多样性也将造成不同程度的影响;光伏板对草地土壤微生物多样性也造成一定影响.③施工期和运营期间将带来扬尘、噪声、废弃物等污染;不合理生产、利用光伏材料对生态环境也将造成负面影响.有效应对这些不利影响的措施包括:①科学规划选址,加强生物多样性保护措施的规划设计,循环利用光伏材料和加强科学管理等;②加强环境影响评价,实施生态恢复方案,加强生态系统及生物多样性保护和水土流失治理等;③发展屋顶和浮动式太阳能装置及光伏农业技术;合理选择和利用光伏材料,加强固体废弃物治理和风险管理,有效落实环境影响评价措施等.目前研究太阳能利用工程对生态系统、生物多样性与环境影响及应对方面尚不充分,随着太阳能利用工程规模的扩大,需要加强这些工程对生态系统、生物多样性及环境方面的不同影响与应对方面的研究.

Solar energy utilization projects are important measures to mitigate climate change and achieve the strategic goals of peaking CO_(2) emissions before 2030 and carbon emissions neutrality before 2060 in China.A comprehensive understanding of the impact of these projects on the ecosystems,biodiversity and environment has theoretical and practical significance for scientific planning and implementation of solar energy utilization engineering projects.In this study,the research progress on the impacts of solar energy utilization projects on ecosystems,biodiversity,and environment and the countermeasures were reviewed.The existing problems were discussed,and future research directions were suggested.The results showed that:(1)The content of soil organic matter or nutrients,and vegetation coverage would increase in some solar energy utilization engineering areas,and would decrease in other engineering areas.The disturbance of vegetation and soil caused by the engineering construction would lead to increased soil erosion.In addition,the carbon emissions and energy balance of the ecosystem would be affected by land occupation,water consumption,or the changes in microclimate conditions causd by the projects.Moreover,these projects would also have an impact on vegetation functions,including a decrease or increase in some crop yields due to the shading of engineering equipments.(2)Engineering facilities would cause the increase in the abundance of some plant species,and would also increase the survival rate of some plant seeds in the soil seed bank by changing soil moisture and shade,but the photovoltaic panels would cause the risk of killing birds or insect species by the collision or misleading eggs.The vegetation clearance and landscape fragmentation caused by the construction process of the projects would also have a certain negative impact on the biodiversity.Water network loss,fragmentation and water consumption caused by sand and dust washing during the construction process of the projects would also harm aquatic biodiversity to a certain extent.The photovoltaic panels would also have an impact on soil microbial diversity in grassland.(3)The construction and operation periods of the solar energy utilization projects would cause dust,noise,waste,and other pollution.The unreasonable production and utilization of photovoltaic materials would also have adverse effects on the ecosystem and environmental elements.Effective measures to deal with the adverse impacts of solar energy utilization engineering include:(1)Scientific planning of site selection,strengthening the planning and design of biodiversity protection measures,recycling photovoltaic materials and strengthening scientific management.(2)Strengthening environmental impact assessment,implementing ecological restoration programs,and strengthening the protection measures of ecosystems and biodiversity and the controlling of soil and water loss.(3)Developing rooftop,floating solar installations and photovoltaic agricultural technologies.Reasonable selection and using the photovoltaic materials,strengthening solid waste management and risk management.Effectively implementing environmental impact assessment measures.Current research on the impacts of solar energy utilization on the ecosystem,biodiversity,and environment and the countermeasures is not sufficient.With the development of solar energy utilization,the research on the impact of these engineering projects on the ecosystem,biodiversity,and environment and the countermeasures should be strengthened.