印度轴心时代早期的王权与神权——《歌者奥义书》中的话语博弈

King Power and Divine Power in Early Period of the Axial Age of India:The Discourse Game in Chandogya Upanisad

以章为单位,可以将《歌者奥义书》划分成层累而来的六种话语,这些话语的生产者分属王权与神权两方。双方以文本为场域就知识的生产权展开了话语博弈。每一种话语都由相关文本中故事的情节设置、角色定位呈现出明确的价值取向、竞争动机和阐释策略,并由此暗示了生产者的身份。前四种话语中反复出现的两个角色——国王波罗瓦诃那·遮婆利和婆罗门阿鲁尼是回溯这些内容的重要线索。遮婆利的两处情节均出现在代表王权话语的篇章中。在情节的切换中,我们看到了一位国王由身份模糊的仲裁者向身份明确的讲授者的角色转变。阿鲁尼的情节共有三处,其中同样体现了人物角色的转变。从最开始只能扮演王权话语的被动倾听者和烘托者,到第二次出场时地位有所上升,成为五位求教的大学者与国王讲授者的联系中介,再到第三次出场时成为纯粹的讲授者,阿鲁尼完成了身份的彻底跃升,其标志是获得了单独建构一种思辨话语的实力和权力。这些情节以及相关分析不但从一个方面证明了前述观点,还展现出一幅细节丰富的印度轴心时代早期的历史图景。该图景中至少包括王权的不断膨胀、某些新晋婆罗门家族的地位上升、主流文化由神性话语体系向思辨话语体系的转型、王权与神权的相互利用和竞争等。

Based on chapters,Chandogya Upanisad can be divided into six layers of discourse with the producers belonging to two sides:king power and divine power.Both sides engaged in a discourse game on the production rights of knowledge within the textual domain.Each type of discourse presents clear value orientations,competitive motives and interpretive strategies on the plot setting and characterization in the stories.This implies the identity of the producers The two recurring characters(King Pravahana Jaivali and Brahman Aruni)in the first four discourses are important clues for tracing back these contents.The two plots of Jaivali appear in chapters representing the discourse of king power.In the transition of the plots,we see the role of a king shifting from an ambiguous arbiter to a definite lecturer.There are three plots for Aruni,which also reflect the transformation of character roles.From the beginning,he can only act as a passive listener and foil to the discourse of king power.In his second appearance,Aruni ascended in status and became the intermediary between five inquiring scholars and the king-lecturer.In his third appearance,Aruni became a pure lecturer,completing a thorough transformation of his identity by gaining the strength and power to independently construct a speculative discourse.These plots and related analyses do not only confirm the previous observations but also present a detailed historical picture of early period of the Axial Age in India.This picture at least includes the continuous expansion of king power,the rise of the status of certain newly ascended Brahman families,the transition of mainstream culture from a divine discourse system to a speculative discourse system,and the mutual utilization and competition between king power and divine power.