马克思对货币本质之谜的科学解答——以《穆勒评注》和《资本论》为例

Marx's Scientific Solution to the Mystery of the Nature of Money:Take Comment on James Muller and Capital as Examples

学界对《穆勒评注》的研究多聚焦于交往异化问题,然则还可从下述维度解读:《穆勒评注》是马克思考察私有财产货币形式的历史生成过程、对货币本质之谜进行科学探索的重要文本。在《穆勒评注》中,马克思基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》对私有财产主体本质的揭示,批判了英国国民经济学家的错误货币观,运用辩证法揭示了货币范畴的历史性,将其本质聚焦到对价值范畴的理解上,表明货币是价值生产的产物。《穆勒评注》暗含了对货币本质的科学思考,借助这一重要思想基础,马克思在《资本论》中进一步澄清了“价值”是资本主义生产方式下“具有社会性的私人劳动”的表现形式,是“需要被迂回表现的劳动时间”,即劳动和产品互相交换的普遍中介。“价值”通过形式运动,从简单价值形式直至发展为货币形式,即固定充当一般等价物的商品,继而成为社会财富的一般代表,体现了商品生产者之间的社会生产关系,由此解开了货币本质之谜。

Academic research on the Comment on James Muller mostly focuses on the issue of alienation of communication, but it can also be interpreted from the following dimension: Comment on James Muller is an important text in which Marx examined the historical generation process of private property monetary forms and scientifically explored the mystery of the nature of money.In Comment on James Muller, Marx criticized the erroneous monetary view of British national economists based on the revelation of the nature of private property subjects in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844.He used dialectics to reveal the historicity of the monetary category, focusing its nature on the understanding of the value category, and indicating that money is a product of value production.Comment on James Muller implies a scientific reflection on the nature of money, and with the help of this important ideological foundation, Marx further clarified in Capital that“value”is the manifestation of“social private labor”under capitalist production methods, and is the“labor time that needs to be expressed in a roundabout way”, which is the universal intermediary for the exchange of labor and products.Through form movement, “value”has developed from a simple form of value to a monetary form, that is, a commodity that acts as a general equivalent, and then becomes a general representative of social wealth, which reflects the social relations of production among commodity producers, thus solving the mystery of the nature of money.