中国非遗社区保护的实践转向及关键问题

Practice Turning and Key Issues of Community Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage in China

“以社区为中心”是联合国教科文组织在非遗保护工作中始终坚持的一个基本理念。中国的非遗社区保护经历了从“非遗进社区”到“非遗在社区”的实践转向。“非遗在社区”以维护民众的知情、参与为目标,让原本属于民众的非遗回到民间、回到社区,让民众在非遗保护中获得尊重和认同。然而,由于对社区的理解和定位存在偏差,我国当前提出的“非遗在社区”保护模式仍然带有明显的“非遗进社区”痕迹,社区主导的内生性机制还未普遍形成,过度依赖政府、政府包办的现象依然存在。在未来的工作中,我们应沟通民众、传承人、政府工作人员的思路,并整合他们对“社区”概念的不同理解,在工作中既聚焦主要传承人群,又对社区内部成员有整体性的关注,营造非遗传承的良好氛围。此外,还需要平衡政府主导与社区参与的关系,以“文化对话”的平等姿态引导政府与民间的合作,发挥民众参与的积极性,推动社区从参与者向主体转变。

"Community-centered"is a basic concept that UNESCO has always adhered to in the process of safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage.The safeguarding practice has experienced a shift from"intangible cultural heritage into community"to"intangible cultural heritage in the community".The latter aims to maintain public awareness and participation,so that the intangible cultural heritage that originally belonged to the public can return to the people and the community.Therefore,the public can gain respect and recognition in the process.However,owing to the distinction in both understanding and orientation of the community,the existent proposed mode of"intangible cultural heritage in the community"in China still has obvious traces of"intangible cultural heritage into community".The endogenous community-oriented mechanism has not been generally formed,and the phenomenon of relying too much on the government and the government arranging still exists.In the future,we should negotiate between the public,inheritors and government staffs and integrate their different understandings of the concept of"community".In other words,we should not only focus on the main inheritors,but also pay holistic attention to the members of the community,to create a benign atmosphere for the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage.In addition,it is also necessary to balance the relationship between government intervention and civil participation,promote the cooperation between the government and the public in terms of"cultural dialogue",enhance public enthusiasm to participate,and promote the transformation of the community from being the participant to the leader.