人工智能全球治理新阶段的特征、赤字与改革方向

A New Phase in the Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence:Characteristics,Deficits and the Direction of Future Reform

人工智能技术及应用超出预期的快速发展已经引起了国际社会的普遍关注,并推动人工智能全球治理进入新阶段。已有研究的单一、静态视角难以刻画人工智能全球治理的全貌,本文从主体、机制双重视角的实践梳理勾勒出其当前进展与特征。人工智能全球治理正在经历从多方主体主导向多边主体主导的演化进程,且形成了以原则理念、技术方案、工作项目、平台机构四项核心机制并行的主要特征,但仍然存在三方面治理赤字:由于治理过程开放性和责任性不足而导致的合理性赤字、由于治理成果的结构性失衡而导致的公正性赤字、由于治理效能难执行与错位问题导致的有效性赤字。面对新阶段的机遇与挑战,“竞争性合作”理念有助于打开新的改革空间,其要求将“零和博弈”转变为“变和博弈”,强调利益与目标不完全一致但又相互依赖的独立决策主体间的关系策略,能够兼具敏捷性与“硬约束”特征,而这三点有助于回应当前进程中的治理赤字。未来,不仅要关注人工智能本身的动态演化及其引发的治理挑战,更应关注围绕技术演化而动态发展的国际关系,以推动人工智能全球治理的良性发展。

The unexpectedly rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI),which has attracted worldwide attention,is opening a new chapter for the global governance of AI.Since the single,static perspective of extant research is not able to do justice to the full extent of AI global governance,this article seeks to break new ground by examining its progress and features with the help of the dual perspectives of actors and mechanisms.We argue that AI global governance is in the process of transitioning from a multi-actor model to multilateralism,and now consists of four parallel mechanisms pertaining to principles,technical solutions,work projects and platforms.However,it is still handicapped by three deficits:a soundness deficit caused by low levels of openness and accountability in the governing process,a fairness deficit due to structural imbalance in governance results,and an effectiveness deficit resulting from difficulties in national implementation and misaligned governance.To meet the opportunities and challenges of this new phase,the concept of“competitive cooperation”which has been advanced to open up new space for reform calls for a shift from“zero-sum game”to a“variable-sum game,”the mutual dependence among autonomous yet interdependent decision-making actors whose interests and objectively are not completely aligned,and the combination of agility and hard conditionality.These three features would help address the three deficits.In the future,we can promote the healthy development of global governance of AI if attention is paid to not only the dynamic evolution of AI itself and the attendant governance challenges,but also the evolving international relations that revolve around technological progress.