德国社会民主党对华政策调整探析:基于意识形态转型的视角

The German Social Democratic Party’s Adjustments in China Policy:The Perspective of Ideological Transformation

德国社会民主党(社民党)作为当代德国主要政党之一,对德国政坛产生了重要影响,对保持理性务实对华政策的主基调发挥着关键作用。20世纪60年代以来,社民党的对华政策从注重友好与合作逐渐转为强调竞争与分歧。在此期间,社民党依次经历从工人阶级政党转为全民党、实施“新中间路线”,以及向左回调三次意识形态转型,却因此陷入传统阶级基础流失、政治空间被他党挤压、执政能力与效能衰退的困境。意识形态转型困境弱化了社民党对德国内政外交的影响力,致使其对华政策更易受外部因素的影响;降低了社民党政策框架的辨识度,以致其对华政策易于被政党博弈所左右;增大了社民党内部对华政策分歧,引致党内对华友好人士受到党内派系牵制。当前,德国社民党籍总理朔尔茨的对华政策深受国际环境、国内政党博弈,以及公共舆论钳制等因素的影响,逐渐背离社民党对华友好政策的传统。社民党意识形态转型持续面临的困境、中德紧密的经贸合作及其突出的世界意义,以及动荡不安、战乱频生的国际形势昭示着未来社民党的对华政策将兼具合作与竞争双重属性,在经济利益与战略利益之间维持动态平衡。

As one of the major parties of contemporary Germany,the Social Democratic Party of Germany(SPD),which has exerted significant influence on German politics,has played a key role in maintaining a largely rational and pragmatic policy toward China.Since the 1960s,the focus of the SPD’s China policy has gradually shifted from policy of German Chancellor Olaf Scholz from the SPD has deviated from the traditionally China-friendly stance due to the impact of the international environment, domestic partisan politics, and public opinion. Going forward, the SPD’s China policy will have the dual attributes of cooperation and competition as it tries to maintain a dynamic balance between economic and strategic interests because of the continuing dilemma in its ideological transformation, close bilateral economic and trade relations and its outstanding global significance, and international instability and frequent warfare.