假想防卫的学说检视与认定

Theoretical Inspection and Identification Path of Hypothetical Defense

假想防卫问题一直是刑法理论与实务存在争议的问题,我国传统理论对于假想防卫的认定存在说理论证不清晰的问题。通过对主要学说进行检视,认定法律效果转换之罪责说最为完善。我国存在改良的四要件理论与三阶层理论的前提,结合刑法第14条规定分析具备构建故意双重定位的空间,通过对“否定罪责故意后是否需要重新审查过失犯罪体系”与“构成要件故意+罪责过失成立故意犯或过失犯”问题的分析,认定解决假想防卫问题的路径为:行为人的行为满足构成要件符合性阶层,成立构成要件故意;不存在违法阻却事由因而进入罪责阶段成立罪责过失,最终成立故意犯的责任减等(减为过失);不存在过失则以意外事件处理。

The issue of imaginary defense has always been a controversial issue in criminal law theory and practice,and there is a problem of unclear reasoning and argumentation in traditional Chinese theories regarding the determination of imaginary defense.By examining the main theories,it is determined that the theory of responsibility for the conversion of legal effects is perfect.Based on the premise of the existence of an improved four-element theory and a three-level theory in China,and in combination with the provisions of Article 14 of the Criminal Law,it is analyzed that there is room for constructing a dual positioning of intent.Through the analysis of the issues of“whether it is necessary to review the system of negligent crime after denying the intent of criminal responsibility”and“whether the intention of constitutive elements and the negligence of criminal responsibility constitutes an intentional or negligent crime”,it is determined that if the behavior of the perpetrator satisfies the conformity level of the constitutive elements,there will be no illegal impediment,which leads to the establishment of a criminal liability stage.The liability for the final intentional crime is reduced(reduced to negligence),and if there is no negligence,it will be handled as an accident.