“差序格局”与当代非物质文化遗产传承人的生存策略——基于宜兴紫砂传承人口述史的田野调查

Differential Pattern and the Survival Strategies of Contemporary Intangible Cultural Heritage Inheritors:A Field Investigation Based on Oral History of Yixing Purple Clay Inheritors

基于儒家伦理与中国传统社会结构的“差序格局”现象在当代非物质文化遗产传承主体构成的特殊社会圈层中亦有普遍性体现。它突出表现在,非物质文化遗产传承主体的“师徒关系”也是以家庭血缘为中心呈水波纹式向周围扩散并形成社会“圈层”。非物质文化遗产传承个体既要通过积极“拜师”的“关系实践”与“核心传承人”建构起利于自己生存与发展的人际关系网络,又要通过“人情”运作的方式实现与“核心传承人”在社会资源方面的利益互惠。“拜师”既是当代非物质文化遗产传承主体的“集体意向性”行为和心理观念,也成为社会资源有限的非物质文化遗产传承人谋求生存与发展的普遍行动策略。作为当下一种“社会实在的建构”方式,如何在非物质文化遗产保护与传承的现实情境中理性、适度地运用和防范“关系资本”的异化性发展,学界要有清醒的认识。

The phenomenon of“differential pattern”based on Confucian ethics and the traditional social structure of China is also universally reflected in the special social circles formed by the subjects of contemporary intangible cultural heritage inheritance.It is highlighted that the“master-apprentice relationship”of intangible cultural heritage inheritors also radiates outward from the family kinship center in a ripple-like manner,forming social“circles”.Intangible cultural heritage practitioners must,on the one hand,establish interpersonal relationship networks which is conducive to their own survival and development through active“apprenticeship”practices with“core inheritors”,on the other hand,achieve mutual benefit with“core inheritors”in social resource through the operation of“connections.”“Apprenticeship”is not only a collective intentional behavior and psychological concept of contemporary intangible cultural heritage practitioners but also a common action strategy for intangible cultural heritage practitionerswho have limited social resources to seek survival and development.In regard to the current form of“social reality construction,”academia needs to have a clear understanding of the ways to rationally and moderately use and guard against the alienation of“relational capital”in the reality of intangible cultural heritage protection and inheritance.