构式“怎么说话呢”的语用功能及其否定义的形成与识解

The Formation and Understanding of the Pragmatic Function and Negative Meaning of Zenme Shuohua Ne

“怎么说话呢”是一个以疑问形式表达否定含义的实体性构式,可通过成分添加、成分易位、成分复用和成分替换四种变换方法形成诸多变体。其否定功能可细分为语用否定和语义否定两种:前者是指对受话人表达某一命题的方式的适宜性进行否定,不涉及命题内容的真假;后者是指通过否定受话人的言说方式进而否定其言说内容,涉及命题内容的真假。该构式最早出现于清朝,它来源于形式完备的“你/你们/您这是(/叫)怎么说话呢”,其否定义的形成与人们“疑有信无”的怀疑心理有关,受话人对它的识解是在合作原则及其相关准则的指导下进行语用推理的结果。

Zenme shuohua ne(what is your way of speaking)is a substantial construction that expresses a negation in a question form.The construction can form many variants through four transformation methods:component addition,component transposition,component reuse,and component substitution.Its negative function can be divided into two types:pragmatic negation and semantic negation.The former refers to negating the appropriateness of how the addressee expresses a proposition without involving the truth or falsehood of the proposition.By contrast,the latter refers to negating the addressee’s manner of speech so as to negate the content of his/her speech.The negation of the latter involves the truth or falsehood of the proposition.The addressee understands the construction via pragmatic reasoning guided by the cooperative principle and maxim of relation.