面向单分子检测的纳米孔传感特异性增强技术

Nanopore sensing specific enhancement technique for single molecule detection

目前,基于纳米孔的传感器已经成为了分析生物标志物的重要工具,包括但不限于核酸,蛋白质以及其他在生命活动中发挥重要作用的分子.作为一种创新的单分子检测技术,纳米孔传感本身并不具有特异性,通过表面官能化以及分子探针技术可以提升纳米孔传感对样本中的目标生物标志物的响应灵敏度.本文首先介绍了纳米孔传感的原理、分类,然后讨论了纳米孔表面改性的方法以及近年来纳米孔传感中待测分子特异性增强技术的发展和应用,特异性增强技术主要包含表面官能化以及分子探针两种形式,其中表面官能化以官能化分子类别分类,分子探针以载体形式分类.最后,本文总结了纳米孔传感仍然存在的若干挑战,并对纳米孔未来发展提出了若干建议.

Nanopore sensors have become important tools for analyzing biomarkers,including but not limited to nucleic acids,proteins,and other biomolecules that play important roles in life.Though the nanopores themselves have no selectivity towards target molecules,higher sensitivity of nanopore sensing to the target biomarkers could be achieved with the help of the specificity enhancement technology.In this work,the basic principles of nanopore sensing are first introduced,then methods of modifying nanopore surface as well as the development and application of those selectivity enhancement technologies of nanopore sensing in recent years are reviewed.These enhancement technologies primarily fall into two categories:surface functionalization and molecular probes.Surface functionalization is further categorized based on the types of functional molecules used,while molecular probes are classified according to carrier forms.Finally,in this paper several challenges that nanopore sensing continues to encounter are discussed and some suggestions are made for its future development.