机器、工人与数字化时代:马克思机器观的历史回溯与现实探讨

The Machines,Workers and Digital Age:Historical Retrospective and Practical Exploration of Marx's View of Machines

马克思机器观揭示了在机械化时代,机器的资本主义应用导致工人工作日的延长、工作节奏的加快和劳动技能的退化,从而深刻改变了工人的工作和生活。进入数字化时代,机器所带来的影响以新的形式呈现:人工智能的出场让劳动者工作与休闲的界限变得模糊,使其承受来自数据与算法监控下的效率规训,并引发企业对于劳动者技能需求层次的变动。数字化进程的推进形塑了“始终在线”的工作模式,劳动者须面对技术驱动下的生理和心理的双重压力。并且,由于人工智能的崛起引发了职业结构的重大变化,高技能劳动者得益于技术偏好而受到青睐,中、低技能劳动者却将面对更加严峻的就业形势。回溯马克思的机器观,为构建数字化时代和谐的人机关系提供了关键的理论框架。

The Marxian view of the machine reveals that in the age of mechanization,the capitalist application of machines led to the lengthening of the working day,the acceleration of the pace of work and the degradation of labour skills,thus profoundly altering the work and life of workers.In the digital age,the impact of machines takes on new forms:the advent of artificial intelligence has blurred the boundaries between work and leisure for workers,subjecting them to efficiency disciplines monitored by data and algorithms and triggering shifts in the hierarchy of skills demanded by firms.The advance of digitalisation has shaped the"always-on"model of work,with workers facing both physical and psychological pressures driven by technology.Moreover,the rise of artificial intelligence has triggered a major change in the occupational structure,with high-skilled workers favoured by technological preferences,while medium and low-skilled workers will face a more severe employment situation.Retracing Marx's view of the machine provides a key theoretical framework for building a harmonious human-machine relationship in the digital age.