中国民族语言借用汉语动词的类型

The Mandarin Chinese Loan Verbs of the Minority Languages in China

人类发展的历史是人与自然、人与社会、人与人接触和交往的历史。在人与社会、人与人交往过程中,人类通过言语或非言语手段彼此沟通与交流。在不同人群交往过程中,甲语言与乙语言接触,相互影响,甲语言借用乙语言的词汇或者结构不可避免,因此,语言中的借词是研究人类交往历史的活化石。尽管借词伴随着人类语言的发展与变化,然而,人类关注借词问题只不过100多年的历史。自十九世纪后半叶惠特尼开创借词的研究以来,学者们对人类语言或者具体语言借词的研究从未间断过。词汇借用是人类语言非常普遍的现象,而动词借用比名词借用要难,在借用动词过程中不同语言借用方式有所差异。中国几千年的历史长河中,少数民族语言与汉语密切接触,几乎每种少数民族语言都或多或少借用汉语动词。重点讨论和分析少数民族语言借用汉语动词的手段和类型。少数民族语言借用汉语动词主要采用直接借用、添加动词化词缀、添加轻动词、结构调适四种类型。少数民族语言借用汉语动词的手段受语言的谱系关系、形态特点、句法结构以及区域性的影响。文章对语言接触研究和区域类型学研究具有重要的学术价值。

Lexical borrowings are very common phenomena in human languages.Verbal borrowings are more difficult than noun borrowings from cross-linguistic perspective.The borrowing strategies of loan verbs in different languages are quite diverse.In China’s thousands of years of history,minority languages have been in close contact with Mandarin Chinese,and almost every minority language borrows Chinese verbs more or less.In this paper we discuss and analyze the borrowing strategies and types of Mandarin Chinese verbs borrowed into minority languages.The minority languages mainly adopt four types of borrowing Mandarin Chinese verbs,i.e.,direct borrowings,verbalizing affixes,light verbs and structural accomodation.We also explain the relationships between verbal borrowing strategies of Mandarin Chinese and language phylogeny,morphological paradigm,syntactic structures and area typology.