康方言西部次方言索县话语音分析

Phonetic Analysis of Suoxian Dialect in Khams

藏语康方言由于覆盖地域广阔,地缘结构一定程度上影响了次方言的促成,从这个意义上康方言可分为东、西、南、北中部5个次方言区。地处康方言西部次方言区的索县(荣布)话在地势上处于山川与平原过渡带,生活方式上属半农半牧,因此该土语的音系具有一定的中介性土语特点。本文根据邓戈教授所著《藏语康方言词汇集》为语料,对索县话的音系进行整理和分析,归纳出该土语的音系数据和基本特点。声母系统:保留了塞音、擦音、塞擦音类清浊对立的单辅音外,有4个清化单辅音,这些清化辅音来自康方言的通则类型,即带前置辅音s的ŋ、ȵ、n、m的基字外,也有带r前置的鼻音基字及双音节词第一音节辅音韵尾s而后缀ma的基字变为清化的特例。复辅音方面,有16个二合复辅音,包括塞音、擦音、塞擦音类的浊音不送气和清音送气带同部位鼻冠前置构成的二合外,还有以w、h、ɦ为后置型二合复辅音hʷ、tʂʰ、ɕʱ、tʰ等,这四个二合复辅音通常在其他土语中不多见。韵母方面:分单元音与复元音,单元音分口元音及鼻元音。14个单元音中相对常态的10个元音都有相应的鼻元音。单元音多数为五个基本元音的变体,其中仅u的变体多达ɷ、ʉ、ɔ、ɯ、ə、等6个。可见,元音分类细化是该土语的一大特点。口元音中A、o、ɛ、a、ɔ、i六个分长短各一套,这些长元音来自于双音节词的缩音,其条件是第一音节为开音节,第二音节为词缀ba、wa,从而形成第一音节吞并词缀而元音变长。此外有5个复元音及31个带辅音尾韵母。ai、ɛi、ɔu复元音主要来自于元音i或u带辅音韵尾ɡ,这是西路次方言的主要特点之一。声调系统:声调类型可归纳为平调、降调、曲折调、升调四类,其中曲折调为312的调值外,其余每个调类的调值可细化到三至五类。综上,鉴于单辅音、复辅音及带辅音尾韵母数量介乎牧区话与农区话之间,处于细化阶段的元音及声调类型尚未简化到农区话的程度,我们把索县话可以看作是音系发展处于农牧中介阶段的土语。

Due to its vast geographical coverage,the geographical structure of the Tibetan Khams dialect has to some extent influenced the development of local languages.In this sense,the Khams dialect can be divided into five local language regions in the east,west,north,south,and central regions.The Suoxian dialect,located in the western region of the Khams dialect,is situated in the transitional zone between mountains and plains in terms of terrain,and its lifestyle is semi agricultural and semi pastoral.Therefore,the phonetic system of this dialect has a certain intermediate characteristic of a local language.This article adopts the research methods of Tibetan grammar theory and phonology,on the basis of selecting and organizing over 700 vocabulary words,the consonants and complex consonants involved in Suoxian’s discourse,finals and compound vowels.It gives examples one by one in terms of tone and other aspects,analyzes the characteristics and describes them.Through investigation,it was found that,development is in the intermediate stage of agriculture and animal husbandry.