海洋城市战略与空间规划前瞻

Prospective Strategies and Spatial Planning of a Maritime City

党的十八大报告明确提出“建设海洋强国”的战略目标,要求提高海洋资源开发能力,发展海洋经济,保护海洋生态环境,坚决维护国家海洋权益。2023年10月13日,王世福教授作为国家社科基金重大研究专项首席专家以“建设海洋强国的战略支点与制度创新”为主题组织第十二届“设计城市”圆桌研讨会,并邀请来自规划、海洋、国际关系等多个领域的专家,共同探讨海洋城市在海洋命运共同体中的战略支点作用以及空间规划创新需要。在凝练与会嘉宾观点的基础上,进一步以笔谈形式邀请相关领域专家围绕“海洋城市战略与空间规划”进行论述,期望为未来海洋城市规划与建设提供有益参考。王世福认为对于我国海洋城市建设而言,立足港城关系的规划和注重海陆统筹的战略,有助于在全局视角上认识和响应从港口大国到海洋强国的战略跃升。王兴平等提出建设海洋城市组群是内陆城市经略海洋的重要方式,港口城市与腹地陆域中心城市可通过交通设施网络、多种“流要素”、区域涉海功能与跨界协同治理四个维度的一体化措施构建联系密切且分工合理的海洋功能圈。马向明认为海洋城市战略不应仅局限于海洋资源的开发利用,更应从促进海陆文明交流融合的视角出发,积极应对海洋生态挑战,大力发展文化交流和综合创新功能。海洋城市空间规划应强调陆海功能协调性,从而保证海洋城市健康发展。陈天结合海洋城市所面临的可持续发展问题,从海岸生态系统保护的统筹与修复、沿海城市防灾韧性体系构建和基于气候适应性的沿海城市品质提升三方面,提出沿海高密度城市防灾韧性建设与空间品质提升实施路径。王建军系统论述目前海洋城市战略推进过程中存在的痛点和堵点,并从四个层次梳理当前海洋城市战略核心要解决的问题,即开展陆海资源全要素综合调查与评价、构建陆海统筹的海洋城市发展格局、做好向海而强的资源要素保障以及在更广阔的深远海深度参与全球海洋治理。文超祥等以海洋中心城市作为海洋强国的战略支点,提出科学谋划境内外海洋中心城市的战略布局,并结合我国沿海各省市开展的海岸带空间规划实践总结出:处理好陆域与海域关系、协调好城市与区域发展关系、谋划好陆海发展的战略空间。郑斌认为粤港澳大湾区建设世界级新港城对推动大湾区海洋城市发展具有积极意义,并提出在设施建设、制度建设和推动港口与产业融合发展三方面推进大湾区新港城建设,实现海洋城市的国际化和全球化发展。赵渺希认为随着全球经济的区域化趋势日渐发展,应把握全球供应链、价值链的近岸化趋势,拓展新发展格局下沿海地区高水平对外开放的规划原理,并进一步围绕粤港澳大湾区建设,提出厘清大湾区的全球网络链接机制、解析大湾区区域网络协同机制、大湾区双循环网络发展的规划响应。程遥认为陆海统筹规划是一个全域全要素统筹的系统问题,且最终将落实到陆域的功能与设施规划建设上。陆海统筹导向的国土空间规划在陆海域、邻域、海岸带三个层面对应的规划层次、内容、深度应该是差异化的,并且海域应建立相较陆域更系统的跨界规划管控体系和更严格的传导体系。邓昭华提出中国特色海洋强国的建设,可施行“以陆促港”策略,从“港产联动”以固港、“两丝枢纽”以稳港、集聚资源以强港三方面拓展港口腹地纵深,助力港口实现其陆域的现代化,并通过技术输出助力当地工业化与扩大港群布局稳固其腹地根基。郭海认为我国应提出符合自身国情的海洋理论,以海洋作为中国维护国际社会和平稳定的重要手段,以海港作为中国发展海洋战略的重要抓手,并提出需处理好贸易与军事、国家利益与系统利益、外交功能与经贸功能之间的三对矛盾。刘铮认为海洋城市相关规划具有明显的创新型规划特征,提出应进一步开展海洋城市规划创新并实现对创新目标的制度安排,且需从连通性、支撑性、撬动性三方面思考规划创新的突破点,激活海洋城市战略支点作用。

At the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,a clear strategic goal of"building China into a strong maritime country"was proposed.This included increasing the marine resource development ability of China,developing the marine economy,protecting the marine ecological environment,and resolutely protecting maritime rights and interests.On October 13th,2023,Professor Wang Shifu,the chief expert of a special major research project of the National Social Science Foundation,organized the 12th"Designing City"Roundtable Seminar,with the theme"Strategic Pivot and Institutional Innovation for Building China into a Maritime Country".Experts from several fields,including urban planning,Ocean Science,and international relationships experts,were invited to discuss the strategic pivot effect of maritime cities in a maritime community with a shared future and the need for spatial planning innovation.Based on a summary of the opinions of the participants,experts from related fields were further invited to discuss"maritime city strategy and space planning",with the aim of providing beneficial references for maritime city planning and construction in the future.Wang Shifu believed that for the development of maritime cities in China,it is beneficial to understand and analyze the responses to the strategic leap from a big port country to a marine power from the global perspective,based on the planned relationship between the port and city and with high attention to the sea-land integrated planning strategy.Wang Xingping et al.argued that building a maritime city agglomeration is important for marine planning and management of inland cities.Port cities and central inland cities can build a functional marine sphere with close connections and reasonable division of labor through integrated measures,including a traffic facility network,multiple"flowing elements",regional sea-involved functions,and cross-border collaborative governance.Ma Xiangming argued that a maritime city strategy should not be limited to the development and utilization of marine resources.He suggested that positive responses to marine ecological challenges should involve the facilitation of communication and integration between sea and land civilizations and the development of cultural communication and comprehensive innovation functions.Moreover,space planning of maritime cities should emphasize land-sea functional coordination,thus guaranteeing the health of marine cities.When considering the problems associated with the sustainable development of maritime cities,Chen Tian proposed various ways to improve the disaster prevention resilience and space quality of coastal high-density cities from the perspectives of overall planning and the repair of coastal ecosystems,the establishment of a coastal city disaster prevention system,and coastal urban quality improvements based on climate adaptation.Wang Jianjun systematically described the challenges and barriers against the implementation of existing maritime city strategies and summarized the core problems associated with the current maritime city strategies that must be solved based on four levels:implementation of a full-factor comprehensive survey and evaluation of land-sea resources at the first level;building a marine city development pattern based on land-sea planning at the city level;providing a guarantee of ocean-oriented resource elements at the marine level;and participation in global ocean governance in broader offshore areas.By using an ocean central city as the strategic pivot for marine power,Wen Chaoxiang et al.suggested that a scientific and strategic layout of marine central cities in China and abroad is necessary.Wen Chaoxiang et al.summarized their experiences and lessons based on the practices utilized for coastal space planning in coastal provinces and cities in China:the relationship between the land and sea must be addressed;the development relationship between cities and regions must be coordinated;a good strategic space plan for land-sea development must be developed.Zhen Bin argued that building a new world-class port city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area would promote local maritime city development.He suggested that the construction of the new port city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area should be promoted through facility construction,institutional construction,and port-industry integrated development;this would facilitate international and global development of maritime cities.Zhao Miaoxi pointed out that with the increasing regional development of the global economy,the near-shore trend of a global supply chain and value chain will become increasingly mature and the high-level open planning principle in coastal regions will be expanded under the new development pattern.Based on the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,he further suggested that there is a need to disclose the global network linking mechanism and analyze the regional network coordination mechanism and planning responses to the dual circulation development network in the Greater Bay Area.Cheng Yao believed that land-sea overall planning is a system problem involving full-domain and full-element planning,and the overall land-sea plan will be implemented in land functions and planned facility construction..National land-space planning in relation to overall land-sea planning should comprise different planning levels,contents,and depths at the land-sea region,neighborhood region,and coastal zone.Moreover,a more systematic transboundary planning control system and a stricter conduction system should be applied to the sea area,rather than the land region.Deng Zhaohua argued that the construction of a marine power in China should be based on"facilitating port development through land development".The port hinterland can be expanded through port solidification based on"portproduction combination",port stability can be achieved based on the"Land-Maritime Silk Road Hub",and port strengthening can be achieved based on resource clustering,thus facilitating land modernization at ports.Further,full use should be made of technological outputs to facilitate local industrialization and expand port layout in order to stabilize the hinterland foundation.Guo Hai argued that according to the proposed marine theory based on China's national conditions,China should use the marine environment as an important mean to maintain international social peace and stability.Guo Hai viewed ports as important measures of China's marine strategic development.He also suggested that three contradictions,between trade and military,between national benefits and system benefits,and between diplomatic functions and economic and trading functions,must be addressed.Liu Zheng believed that marine city-related planning has explicit characteristics of innovative planning.He argued that it is necessary to further innovate the planning of maritime cities and achieve relevant institutional arrangement.Further,important points related to planning innovation are described from the perspectives of connectivity,supports,and levering properties to activate the strategic pivot effect of marine cities.