玉豆间作对大豆生长发育、产量、品质及群体经济产值的影响

Effects of Maize and Soybean Intercropping on Growth,Quality Characters and Yield of Different Soybean Varieties and Group Economic Value

为筛选适宜在本地与玉米间作种植的大豆品种,促进玉豆间作技术的推广应用。本研究以3个福建省春大豆品种(泉豆7号、泉豆13号和泉豆17)及玉米品种金百甜15为材料,以2∶2大豆、玉米行比进行间作种植,以大豆单作和玉米单作为对照,在大豆不同生育时期,测定大豆单作和玉豆间作的大豆株高、叶绿素含量、干物质量,计算叶面积指数和茎占比,分析其变化规律与差异;大豆成熟后,分析大豆单作和玉豆间作的大豆农艺性状、产量及品质差异,计算不同处理下的产量、群体经济产值及土地当量比,分析不同间作组合间的差异,并对大豆农艺性状、产量及群体经济产值进行相关性分析,对玉豆间作模式进行适应性综合评价。结果表明:(1)大豆生育期间:株高在鼓粒期达到峰值,间作种植显著提高大豆株高(P<0.05),且均呈现泉豆7号>泉豆17>泉豆13号的趋势;叶绿素含量和叶面积指数均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在鼓粒期达到峰值,间作种植显著提高叶绿素含量,降低叶面积指数和大豆各个干物质重,同一生育时期的干物质总量均呈现泉豆13号>泉豆17>泉豆7号的趋势;大豆茎占比呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在开花期达到峰值,且均呈现泉豆7号>泉豆17>泉豆13号的趋势。(2)大豆成熟后:间作种植显著提高大豆株高和底荚高度,其中泉豆7号提高最多,泉豆13号提高最少,泉豆17表现居中;间作种植后,大豆主茎节数显著减少,有效分枝数、单株有效荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重均显著降低,其中泉豆13号减少最小,泉豆7号减少最多,泉豆17居中;间作种植显著改变了大豆籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量,其中蛋白质含量显著降低,脂肪含量显著提高。(3)间作种植均显著降低玉米产量和大豆产量,但均显著提高了群体产量,3个玉豆间作系统的经济总产值从高到低依次为泉豆13号/金百甜15>泉豆17/金百甜15>泉豆7号/金百甜15,分别为30371.15,30125.26和29866.71元·hm^(-2),均显著高于玉米和大豆各自单作模式下的经济产值,对应的间作大豆产量分别为1229.94,1182.37和1137.83 kg·hm^(-2),3个间作系统群体间的经济总产值差异达显著水平,3个间作模式下大豆的产量差异也均达显著水平;3个间作系统的土地当量比均大于1,说明间作种植具有明显优势。(4)相关性分析结果表明,株高和底荚高度与大豆产量、群体总产值均呈显著负相关,大豆产量与群体总产值呈显著正相关。综上,间作种植显著提高大豆株高、底荚高度、叶绿素含量和脂肪含量,显著提高间作群体产量,选择矮秆、茎占比小的大豆品种更容易获得较高的大豆产量及群体经济产值。经比较分析,泉豆13号适宜在泉州与玉米间作种植,并且能获得相对较高的大豆产量及群体经济产值。

In order to provide theoretical basis for selecting soybean varieties suitable for intercropping with maize and promote the extension of maize-soybean intercropping technology.In this study,three spring soybean varieties(Quandou No.7,Quandou No.13,and Quandou 17)and maize variety Jinbaitian 15 in Fujian province were selected as materials,and the soybean-maize row ratio of 2∶2 was used for intercropping.Maize monoculture and soybean monoculture were treated as controls.The plant height,chlorophyll content,dry matter weight,leaf area index and proportion of stem of soybean were monitored at different growth stages of soybean monoculture and maize/soybean intercropping to analysis its changes rules and differences.Agronomic traits,yield,quality differences of soybean were analysis at mature stage of soybean in soybean monoculture and maize/soybean intercropping.The different analysis were carried out with the yield,economic value and land equivalent ratio under different treatment.The correlation analysis were carried out with agronomic traits of soybean,yield of soybean and economic value in maize/soybean intercropping.We comprehensively evaluated the adaptability of three maize/soybean intercropping system.The results showed that:(1)Among the mature stage of soybean:the plant height reached the peak at the seed-filling stage,and maize/soybean intercropping pattern significantly increased the plant height,and Quandou No.7 increased the most,Quandou No.13 increased the least,and Quandou No.17 was in the middle.The chlorophyll content and leaf area index increased first and then decreased,and reached the peak at the seed-filling stage.Intercropping significantly increased the chlorophyll content,reduced the leaf area index and the dry matter weight of soybean.The soybean total dry matter weight of the same mature stage of soybean showed a trend of Quandou No.13>Quandou 17>Quandou No.7.The proportion of soybean stem increased first and decreased then,which reached the peak at the soybean flowing stage,and all showed a trend of Quandou No.7>Quandou 17>Quandou No.13.(2)After the soybean ripens:the plant height and bottom pod height of soybean significantly increased in maize/soybean intercropping pattern,and Quandou No.7 increased the most,Quandou No.13 increased the least,and Quandou 17 in the middle.The main stem nodes,effective branching number,pod number per plant,seed number per plant,seed weight per plant and 100-seed weight significantly decreased in maize/soybean intercropping pattern,and Quandou No.13 decreased the least,Quandou No.7 decreased the most,and Quandou 17 in the middle in maize/soybean intercropping pattern.Intercropping significantly changed the protein and fat content of soybean seeds,in which the protein content decreased significantly and the fat content increased significantly.(3)The yield of maize and soybean significantly decreased in maize/soybean intercropping pattern,and population yield of maize/soybean intercropping pattern increased significantly.The total economic output value of the three maize/soybean intercropping systems from high to low was Quandou No.13/Jinbaitian 15>Quandou 17/Jinbaitian 15>Quandou No.7/Jinbaitian 15,which were 30371.15,30125.26 and 29866.71 yuan·ha^(-1),which were significantly higher than the economic output value of maize monoculture and soybean monoculture under their respective.The yield of corresponding soybean were 1229.94,1182.37 and 1137.83 kg·ha^(-1)respectively.The difference of total economic output value among the three intercropping systems was significant.The difference of the yield of soybean among the three intercropping systems was also significant.The land equivalent ratios of the three intercropping systems were all greater than 1,which indicated that the intercropping patterns had obvious advantages.The results of correlation analysis showed that plant height and bottom pod height were significantly negatively correlated with yield of soybean and total population output value,and the yield of soybean was significantly positively correlated with total population output value.In summary,intercropping planting significantly promoted the plant height,bottom pod height,chlorophyll content and fat content of soybean,and significantly promoted the yield of intercropping population.It was easier to obtain higher soybean yield and population economic output value by selecting soybean varieties with short stem and small stem proportion.Through comparative analysis,Quandou 13 is suitable for local intercropping with maize,and can obtain relatively high soybean yield and population economic output value.