现代师承与文学社团的“合作”与“抵牾”——以“后五四”时期鲁迅与青年的关系为中心

Cooperation and Contradiction between Modern Teacher-apprentice Relationship and Literary Societies——Centering on the Relationship between LU Xun and the Youth in the Post-May 4th Period

现代文学社团的出现从文学制度层面宣告了“五四”新文学与传统文学的巨大差异。文学制度从章程、刊物、出版、机构运作等几个层面保证了文学社团的现代属性,但部分文学社团的成员却由传统人际关系影响下的师徒、同门、同乡构成。从师承关系的角度切入,可以发现新文化运动之后作为“文坛大师”的鲁迅在“后五四”时期并未消极隐退,而是借助其影响力找寻“同路人”,积极培养和扶植莽原、未名等文学社团,并从批评和翻译两个方面对弟子的文学活动进行引导。但是,“五四”的反权威意识和对话语权的争夺使鲁迅很快面临弟子和追随者们的“倒戈”,这种关系的破裂体现了文人师承在面对文学制度的话语力量时的式微,这一冲突背后隐藏的是“后五四”时期知识分子在继承“五四”传统时的认知差异与代际分化。

The appearance of modern literary societies announced the great difference between the May 4th new literature and the traditional literature from the perspective of literary system.The literary system ensures the modern attributes of literary societies from the aspects of articles of association,publications,publishing and institutional operation,but some members of literary societies are composed of apprentices,fellow students and fellow villagers under the influence of traditional interpersonal relationships.From the perspective of the relationship between teachers and students,we can find that LU Xun,who became a literary master after the New Culture Movement,did not retreat passively in the post-May 4th period,but sought for fellow travelers with the help of his influence,actively cultivated and fostered literary societies such as Mangyuan and Weiming,and guided his disciples'literary activities from two aspects:criticism and translation.However,the anti-authority consciousness of the May 4th period and the struggle for the right to speak made LU Xun face the defection of his disciples and followers soon.The breakdown of this relationship reflected the decline of the literati in the face of the discourse power of the literary system,and what was hidden behind the conflict was the cognitive differences and intergenerational differentiation of the intellectuals after the May 4th period when they inherited the May 4th tradition.