论元杂剧“庶民娱乐”的兴盛——文人“身份危机”的文化结果

The Prosperity of Entertainment for the Common People in Yuanzaju——Cultural Consequences of Literati's Identity Crisis

在元朝近百年的历史中,开科取士的时间只有48年,科举在元朝有一半的时间废而不举。科举制度的废行几乎堵住了文人“学而优则仕”的道路,元朝文人因此涌入庶民之中,成为小吏、书会才人。对《元典章》《元史》《录鬼簿》等文献进行整理研究发现,这一庞大的文人集体的创作力使以杂剧为代表的“庶民娱乐”空前繁盛,元杂剧的发展也催生了中国古代通俗文学的兴盛,使其演变成极具生命力的民间通俗文学。

In the nearly hundred years of the Yuan Dynasty,the imperial examination system,allowing individuals to be selected for official positions through examinations,was implemented for only 48 years.During half of the Yuan Dynasty's existence,the imperial examination system was suspended.The cessation of the imperial examination system in the Yuan Dynasty fundamentally blocked the path for literati to achieve officialdom through the Confucian examination system,leading to an influx of Yuan literati into the common people.They either became minor officials or retreated into the bustling streets as dramatist writing.However,research based on the Yuan Dynasty historical documents such as the Chapter of the Yuan Dynasty,History of the Yuan Dynasty,and Record of Ghosts reveals that this massive collective of literati provided a tremendous creative force,leading to the unprecedented prosperity of the entertainment for the common people,particularly represented by Yuanzaju.The development of Yuanzaju,characterized as entertainment for the common people,also gave rise to the flourishing and transformation of ancient Chinese popular literature.