从“概念图式”到“概念架构”:马克思关于“国家”的概念批判及其政治哲学基础再造

From“Conceptual Schema”to“Conceptual Framework”:Marx's Critique of the Concept of the“State”and Reconstruction of Its Political Philosophy Foundation

当政治哲学面对国家问题时,概念的基础性、前提性是十分重要的。作为重要论题,国家概念的诠释依赖于不同的理解路径和阐释方式,由此形成了可溯源的理论谱系。历史地看,马克思对国家概念批判性阐释之时正是国家理论谱系发展变化的交叠转型的关键时期。此时,马克思着力从国家概念的历史的诠释类型出发,充分呈现它们在政治哲学中的结构性特征,发现了国家概念图式的历史演进。作为国家概念图式的理想类型,理想国家、政治国家、审美国家接续出场,它们既具有相对独立的证成逻辑和诠释逻辑,又在交替发展中不断变革和跃升。对此,马克思进行了整体性考量,并以审美国家为切入点,将理想国家回归作为解释的潜在条件,聚焦政治国家的系统批判,完成了国家概念图式的最终消解。对于马克思,国家概念的厘清绝不是一次性的,而是持续聚焦现代国家,通过以激进性为明显特征的复杂性阐释,逐步形成内在一致的理论发展、“超越黑格尔”的理论争论以及综合性现象分析的社会现实解释,进而生成了国家概念架构的“马克思式”的诠释建构。由此,马克思国家概念架构才可能真正实现国家概念的政治哲学基础再造。

The prerequisite and foundation of the concept assume great importance when political philosophy is confronted with the issue of the state.The interpretation concerning the concept of the state,as an important topic,relies on diverse paths of understanding and ways of interpretation,which forms a traceable theoretical pedigree.On this point,it is of great methodological significance to study the inherent transformation mechanism of“Conceptual schema-Conceptual framework”in the research approach of political philosophy.By scientifically explaining this transformation,not only can the previous cognitive system of basic concepts be systematically disintegrated on the premise of the relevancy of theoretical development,but also the practical activities of theoretical innovation can be used to gradually reshape the existing concepts into a new appearance,thereby forming the interpretive construction of key“concrete concepts”.Historically,Marx's critical explanation about the concept of the state coincided with a pivotal stage of overlapping and transformation in the development and transformation of the theoretical pedigree of the state.At that time,Marx focused on the historical interpretation types of the concept of the state,fully presenting its structural characteristics in political philosophy,and discovered the historical evolution of the conceptual schema of the state.The ideal state,the political state,and the aesthetic state emerge successively with relatively independent logics of justification and interpretation,as the ideal type of the conceptual schema of the state,while constantly shifting and evolving in alternating development.Marx considered this to be a whole and took the aesthetic state as a point of penetration,using the return of the ideal state as a potential condition for explanation,concentrated on the systematic critique of the political state,which replaced the criticism and attack on Hegel's philosophy of the state with the critique of the state within the framework of a scientific political economy,and completed a thorough reflection on the conceptual schema of the state,transitioning from“real deconstruction”to“critical construction”,with the conceptual framework of the state being the most important theoretical achievement.For Marx,the clarification of the concept of the state was by no means a one-off event,but a theoretical process that was both internally consistent and constantly evolving.He continued to focus on modern states,through complex interpretations characterized by radicalness,realized the interpretation of social reality in the theoretical debate of“Transcending Hegel”,with comprehensive phenomenon analysis as the main approach,and took the dialectics of a series of relevancy analysis around the nature of state power as the core content of his conceptual framework of the state.Hereto,Marx accomplished his unique interpretative construction of the concept of the state,established the fundamental paradigm of Marxist state theory,and provided a creative historical herald for the reconstruction of the foundation in terms of the political philosophy of the state theory in later generations and contemporary times,leading to the“Marxian”interpretative construction about the conceptual framework of the state.It is here that the framework of Marx's concept of the state can truly reconstruct the foundation of the political philosophy of the concept of the state.